从事实推定走向表见证明

发布时间：2018-09-19 20:38

【摘要】：无论是概念界定还是司法实践,事实推定在各国均引发了长期的争议乃至质疑。从实践状况看,法官运用经验法则进行事实推定的模式可分为间接证明和表见证明。为了避免混乱,尤其为了实现武器平等、程序公平和法律适用之统一,我国未来有必要引入表见证明以取代备受争议的事实推定。作为一种证明规则,表见证明的实质在于:将证明对象从要件事实转化为更容易证明的典型的关联事实。这样的证明减轻规则通常以"典型事实经过"为适用前提,并以盖然性较高的经验法则为基础,从而在防止法官恣意和提高判决的信服力方面发挥重要作用。从证明效力上看,表见证明既未重新分配证明责任,也未降低证明标准,而仅倒置了具体的举证责任。为了动摇表见证明的结论,对方当事人只需提交反证证明其他的"非典型事实经过"存在重大可能性即可。为了实现表见证明承担的统一法律适用的功能,我国未来还有必要改革审级建构和转变最高人民法院的功能,以构建起表见证明的判例体系。在此方面,德国的学说争鸣与判例经验提供了有益的参考与对照。
[Abstract]:The presumption of fact has aroused long-term controversy and even questioning both in concept definition and judicial practice in various countries. Judges can divide the mode of presumption of fact into indirect proof and apparent proof according to the rule of experience. In order to avoid confusion, especially in order to realize the equality of weapons, procedural fairness and the unity of law application, I As a rule of proof, the essence of it lies in transforming the object of proof from the facts of essential conditions to the typical related facts which are easier to prove. The rule of thumb is based on the rule of thumb and thus plays an important role in preventing arbitrariness of judges and enhancing the conviction of judgments. As far as the validity of proof is concerned, it does not redistribute the burden of proof nor lower the standard of proof, but inverts the specific burden of proof. In order to realize the function of uniform application of law, it is necessary to reform the trial-level construction and transform the function of the Supreme People's Court in the future, so as to construct the case system of prima facie proof. It provides useful reference and comparison.
【作者单位】：浙江大学光华法学院;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目“医疗诉讼中的证明责任研究”(10YJC820176)
【分类号】：D925.13

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