环境公益诉讼中公民原告资格问题研究

发布时间：2018-10-23 13:31

【摘要】：近年来,追求经济效益的最大化使得生态环境问题日益频发。在社会整体生活水平得以大幅提高的基础上,人们面临环境问题时更加追求对自然生态环境的精神享受。社会公众的环境保护意识逐步提升,公民环境诉求的呼声也越来越高。我国法治进程也顺应时代潮流不断向前发展,2012年修订的《民事诉讼法》,第一次明确规定了中国特色的环境公益诉讼制度。该规定不仅为环境公益诉讼提供了法律依据,还为提起环境公益诉讼的主体提供了法律支撑。但是现行诉讼法律制度排除了公民作为公益诉讼原告的主体资格,这就使得一些破坏环境资源的行为被阻挡在司法救济之外,导致对环境公益的保护不力。论文主要就公民在环境公益诉讼中的原告资格问题进行研究。绪论中主要介绍论文的研究背景和意义、国内外研究现状、研究内容与方法以及论文的创新点;接着是对环境公益诉讼公民原告资格的概述,界定了环境公益诉讼原告资格的内涵和发展阶段,阐述了环境公益诉讼中公民原告资格法律地位的确立与发展,介绍了域外主要国家关于环境公益诉讼中公民原告资格的有关规定,主要有美国的公民诉讼、英国的检举人诉讼、印度环境权的宪法诉讼、日本的公害诉讼等;并针对当前理论界对环境公益诉讼中公民原告资格否定性理论进行述评。公民原告资格的否定性理论主要包括个人原告主体不适格说、公益诉讼主体狭义论和个人公益诉讼滥诉说等,这些否定性的理论具有的内在局限性,无法适应当今环境公益诉讼的新发展;在此基础上,对公民作为环境公益诉讼原告资格的正当性进行论证,主要从公民提起环境公益诉讼的环境权基础、诉权扩张理论、事实上的损害说和值得保护的利益说等方面论证公民提起环境公益诉讼的正当性;基于我国现行环境公益诉讼缺失公民作为原告资格的法律制度,试图在立法、司法和其他制度等方面对公民作为环境公益诉讼的原告进行构建。在立法方面,需要通过立法明确赋予公民提起环境公益诉讼的原告资格,并界定公民提起环境公益诉讼的条件;在司法方面,需要合理设置举证责任倒置规则,并扩张环境公益诉讼判决的效力;在其他制度方面,需要确立诉讼激励机制和滥诉防治机制。最后是结束语。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the pursuit of economic benefits maximization makes the ecological environment problems more and more frequent. On the basis of the improvement of the overall living standard of the society, people pursue the spiritual enjoyment of the natural ecological environment even more when they are faced with environmental problems. The awareness of environmental protection of the public has been gradually raised, and the voice of citizens' environmental appeal is becoming higher and higher. The process of the rule of law in our country also keeps developing in keeping with the trend of the times. The Civil procedure Law, revised in 2012, has for the first time clearly stipulated the environmental public interest litigation system with Chinese characteristics. This provision not only provides the legal basis for environmental public interest litigation, but also provides legal support for the subject of environmental public interest litigation. However, the current legal system of litigation excludes citizens' qualification as the plaintiff of public interest litigation, which makes some acts of destroying environmental resources blocked out of judicial relief, resulting in inadequate protection of environmental public welfare. This paper mainly studies the plaintiff's qualification of citizens in environmental public interest litigation. The introduction mainly introduces the research background and significance of the thesis, the current research situation at home and abroad, the research contents and methods, and the innovation points of the paper. Then, it summarizes the qualification of the citizen plaintiff in the environmental public interest litigation. This paper defines the connotation and development stage of plaintiff qualification in environmental public interest litigation, and expounds the establishment and development of the legal status of citizen plaintiff qualification in environmental public interest litigation. This paper introduces the relevant regulations about the qualification of the plaintiff in the environmental public interest litigation in the main countries of the foreign countries, mainly including the citizen litigation in the United States, the informant action in Britain, the constitution lawsuit of the environmental right in India, the public hazard lawsuit in Japan and so on. It also reviews the theory of citizen plaintiff qualification in environmental public interest litigation. The negative theory of citizen plaintiff's qualification mainly includes individual plaintiff subject's unsuitable case theory, public interest litigation subject's narrow sense theory and individual public interest lawsuit's overstatement, etc. These negative theories have inherent limitation. It can not adapt to the new development of environmental public interest litigation. On this basis, it demonstrates the legitimacy of citizens' qualification as plaintiff of environmental public interest litigation, mainly from the basis of environmental rights of citizens to bring environmental public interest litigation, the theory of the expansion of litigation rights. In fact, the theory of damage and the theory of interests worth protecting prove the legitimacy of citizens' bringing environmental public interest litigation. Based on the fact that the current legal system of environmental public interest litigation in our country lacks citizens' qualification as plaintiff, they try to legislate. Judicial and other systems to construct citizens as plaintiff of environmental public interest litigation. In the aspect of legislation, it is necessary to explicitly endow citizens with the plaintiff's qualification to file environmental public interest litigation and define the conditions for citizens to initiate environmental public interest litigation. In the judicial aspect, it is necessary to reasonably set up the rules of inversion of the burden of proof. And expand the effectiveness of environmental public interest litigation judgment; in other systems, we need to establish litigation incentive mechanism and overappeal prevention mechanism. Finally, the conclusion.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D925.1

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