民事司法解释溯及力研究
发布时间：2018-10-31 07:49
【摘要】：法不溯及既往原则是一项重要的法治原则,具有保护人权和维护法的稳定性的重要价值。民事法律也遵循这一原则,同时存在例外溯及既往的情况。民事司法解释已经成为我国一种独特的法的形式,其兼具解释法律和对法律进行漏洞补充的特征。作为一种规范性法律文件,民事司法解释也涉及自身的溯及力问题,但由于民事司法解释自身的独特性,使得其溯及力问题与民事法律的溯及力问题既相联系又相区别。文章认为应该根据民事司法解释的内容确定其溯及力问题:当民事司法解释是对法律的解释,并且是初次解释时,可以溯及到被解释的法律生效之日;当民事司法解释对法律进行漏洞补充,具有创新性时,则应该按照民事法律的溯及力规则对其溯及力问题进行规范;当民事司法解释对旧司法解释的内容进行改变时,则原则上应该遵循“从旧兼有利”的原则;改变被解释的法律的民事司法解释不可以溯及既往。民事司法解释对于自身溯及力的规定存在的最大问题是有的民事司法解释没有规定自身的溯及力问题,导致适用的混乱。规定仅适用于其施行后新受理的一审案件的民事司法解释,实际上是可以溯及既往的,这种规定溯及力的模式非常不合理,应该将溯及力的对象界定为行为和事件,实现真正的不溯及既往。本文由以下几个部分组成:导论:问题的提出。司法解释作为一种规范性法律文件,也存在溯及力问题。那么法不溯及既往原则是否适用以及如何适用于民事司法解释?学界对民事司法解释的溯及力问题主要有两种观点:一种主张民事司法解释具有溯及力;另一种认为应该根据民事司法解释的内容讨论其溯及力问题,不能一概认为其可以溯及既往。本文赞同第二种观点。文章主要运用了理论分析和实证分析的方法。第一部分:民事司法解释溯及力的概念及相关概念辨析。民事司法解释是对法律所作的解释,具有依附性,因此民事司法解释的溯及力与民事法律的溯及力不同。但是当民事司法解释对法律漏洞进行补充,具有一定创新性时,其溯及力问题与民事法律的溯及力问题存在一定的契合之处。因此民事司法解释的溯及力与民事法律的溯及力是既相区别又相联系的。第二部分:民事司法解释溯及力的理论基础。民事司法解释的溯及力问题与法的溯及力问题存在契合之处。这一部分将对民事法律不溯及既往原则的理论基础以及民事法律例外溯及既往的情形进行讨论。第三部分:影响民事司法解释溯及力的主要因素。民事司法解释的解释性和创新性以及对旧有规定的改变会影响到民事司法解释的溯及力问题。这一部分将结合具体民事司法解释以及最高人民法院法官对民事司法解释溯及力规定的解读,分析上述三种情况对民事司法解释溯及力的影响。第四部分:民事司法解释溯及力规定的现状及其存在的问题。有的民事司法解释没有对自身溯及力进行规定,从而导致司法实践中理解和适用混乱;规定仅适用于其施行后新受理的一审案件的民事司法解释,司法实践中对其溯及力的理解也不一致,这类民事司法解释溯及适用时,侵害了当事人的信赖利益,存在不合理之处。第五部分:完善民事司法解释溯及力规定的建议。民事司法解释应该明确规定自身的溯及力问题,如果没有规定,则应该推定为不可以溯及既往。当民事司法解释不适宜溯及既往时,应该以行为和事件为对象,实现真正的不溯及既往。应该根据民事司法解释的内容规定其溯及力问题,如果民事司法解释是解释性的,则具有溯及力,如果民事司法解释具有创新性,则应该具体分析其溯及力问题。应该确立即行适用原则以及既判力优于溯及力原则。
[Abstract]:The non-retroactivity and past principles constitute an important rule of law and have an important value to protect the stability of human rights and the law of defence. Civil law also follows this principle, with exceptional retroactive effect and prior circumstances. Civil judicial interpretation has become a unique form of law, which has the characteristics of interpreting the law and supplementing the law. As a normative legal document, civil judicial interpretation also involves its retroactive effect, but because of the uniqueness of civil judicial interpretation, its retroactive effect and the retroactive effect of civil law are both linked and distinguished. The article holds that it should be determined according to the content of civil judicial interpretation: when the civil judicial interpretation is the interpretation of the law, and it is the initial explanation, it can be traced back to the date of entry into force of the law to be interpreted; when the civil judicial interpretation is complementary to the law, it is innovative, If the civil judicial interpretation changes the content of the old judicial interpretation, the principle of 鈥淔rom Old and Favorable鈥，
本文编号：2301433
[Abstract]:The non-retroactivity and past principles constitute an important rule of law and have an important value to protect the stability of human rights and the law of defence. Civil law also follows this principle, with exceptional retroactive effect and prior circumstances. Civil judicial interpretation has become a unique form of law, which has the characteristics of interpreting the law and supplementing the law. As a normative legal document, civil judicial interpretation also involves its retroactive effect, but because of the uniqueness of civil judicial interpretation, its retroactive effect and the retroactive effect of civil law are both linked and distinguished. The article holds that it should be determined according to the content of civil judicial interpretation: when the civil judicial interpretation is the interpretation of the law, and it is the initial explanation, it can be traced back to the date of entry into force of the law to be interpreted; when the civil judicial interpretation is complementary to the law, it is innovative, If the civil judicial interpretation changes the content of the old judicial interpretation, the principle of 鈥淔rom Old and Favorable鈥，
本文编号：2301433
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