毒品犯罪中“主观明知”之刑事推定研究

发布时间：2018-01-26 21:08

本文关键词： 毒品犯罪主观明知刑事推定司法实务建议　出处：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近年来,我国毒品犯罪案件数量逐年上升,司法实务部门在工作实践中遇到不少值得关注的问题,有些问题直接影响到对毒品犯罪的打击力度,不能妥善解决、处理类似问题,极其不利于有效预防和遏制毒品犯罪的发生。本文试图通过对毒品犯罪的调查研究,针对当前部分区域在办理毒品案件中存在的主要问题,深入分析产生问题的原因,提出在司法实务中广泛适用的刑事推定这一理论问题,通过案列分析方法、比较分析文献法、实证研究法、经济分析方法、逻辑分析方法等,理论与实践相结合,提出进一步加大打击毒品犯罪的措施和建议,探讨禁毒和打击毒品犯罪的法律和对策,进一步总结禁毒和打击毒品犯罪的经验,以期有效遏制司法实务中毒品犯罪案件的高发状况。在文章的第一部分,列举了在西北地区的典型毒品犯罪案例,由案例来说明部分地区司法实务现实中遇到的对毒品犯罪中“主观明知”认定的难题,分析了目前我国打击毒品犯罪的法律、法规,介绍了难题的基本解决方法,指出了我国司法实务现状应对毒品犯罪的不足和困境,并提出以刑事推定来解决毒品犯罪中“主观明知”认定的难题。第二部分文章主要介绍了刑事推定和毒品犯罪中“主观明知”的相关概念,即：刑事推定是依据法律、法规直接规定或依经验规则所确立的待证事实和基础事实之间的常态联系,基础事实确实被证实时,即可认定待证事实的存在,但是允许受到不利推定的当事人予以举证反驳,而成就的一项辅助证据证明的标准化规则。阐述了刑事推定解决毒品犯罪案件中“主观明知”认定难题的方式、特点和其解决问题的模式,并对其作用进行了分析,在我们需要保护某些重大法益,而又难于证明某种侵犯法益的犯罪,便急需刑事推定的适用。第三部分主要以实证考察的方式,将刑事推定在司法实务当中具体运用,引述了国内法律、法规对刑事推定的成文规定,并分析其内在联系,由此得出考证结论--刑事推定具有有效性、广泛性、灵活性等固有优势,回答了刑事推定要素,即基础事实和待定事实之间的常态联系的内涵,阐述了其法理、情理依据,表达了笔者对其合理性的支持。第四部分笔者探讨了刑事推定的自身缺陷、短板,指出其必须要受到法律规制的理由----其具有模糊性、与法律原则的潜在冲突等等。同时通过比较法研究介绍了国外法对刑事推定的规制内容,以及国内学者对此问题的研究路径。文章对刑事推定的规制着眼于我国的司法实践,并给出了笔者自己的制度化建议。文章将事实推定与法律推定分别论述、辨析,以探讨对刑事推定进行规制的合理路径,提出了以省级司法机关审查为主的规制制度等等,并达到契合司法实践操作的目的。第五部分探讨了毒品犯罪中“主观明知”适用刑事推定的一般规律和特殊方法,提出对部分毒品犯罪中“主观明知”的认定难题,可适用地方司法惯例、“概括性认识”、“应当知道”等刑事推定的方法予以解决,明晰了刑事推定并不是适用于所有毒品犯罪。笔者还将技术侦查资料的转化、毒品含量分析、财产刑的处罚等司法实务中经验性的做法予以梳理,以期对刑事推定在今后司法实务中的适用更有裨益。我们党的十八大以来,在司法改革的洪流下,刑事推定课题必然纳于司法改革之中,笔者藉此也希望对刑事推定的改革更加富有成效,能够尽可能及时关怀我们的现实生活。文章所探讨的刑事推定,是一个复杂、极富实践性的学术课题,它不仅与实体法中的犯罪构成要件、犯罪构成体系有着密切的联系,更与程序法中的证明责任、证明标准、诉讼模式、权利保障等问题交织在一起,点面结合,交相呼应。尤其在我国部分地区办理毒品犯罪案件的司法实务中,怎样具体适用刑事推定来解决毒品犯罪中“主观明知”认定难题,也是一个十分复杂的问题,绝非简单地援引相关司法解释和刑法条文的规定就可以作出准确的认定。刑事推定的模糊性、辅助性等基本属性,也决定了它必然要受到相应的规制,以防止其被滥用,防止司法自由裁量权被滥用。需要特别注意的是,如何让刑事推定的适用和创设与我国现行法律体系相协调,并且与我国目前的刑事司法环境相适应,绝不是单纯的理论探讨和学术争论所能豁然解决的,其较圆满的解决,是一项艰巨的系统工程。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the number of cases of drug crime in our country is increasing year by year, judicial departments have encountered many problems worthy of concern in practice, some problems directly affect the crackdown on drug crime, can not be solved properly, dealing with similar issues, is not conducive to the effective prevention and control of drug crime. This paper tries to research on the drug crime, aiming at the main problems in parts for drug cases, in-depth analysis of causes of the problem, put forward the criminal presumption is widely used in the judicial practice of this theory, through case analysis method, comparative literature analysis, empirical research method, economic analysis method, logical analysis method so, the combination of theory and practice, put forward measures and suggestions to further intensify the fight against drug crime, investigate drug laws and countermeasures and the fight against drug crime, further The experience of drug control and drug crime is summarized in order to effectively curb the high incidence of criminal cases in judicial practice.
In the first part of the article, cited in the northwest region of the typical drug crime case by case to illustrate the parts of the judicial practice encountered in practice of drug crime "subjective knowing" recognition of the problem, analysis of China's fight against drug crime laws, regulations, and introduces the basic method to solve the problem, pointed out. The judicial practice of China's status quo response of drug crime problems and difficulties, and puts forward the criminal presumption to solve crimes "subjective knowing" recognition of the problem.
The second part mainly introduces the criminal presumption and drug crimes in the "subjective knowing" related concepts, namely: the criminal presumption is in accordance with the laws, regulations or provisions of the normal relations between directly established according to the experience rules to be proved and the basic facts, the basic facts indeed confirmed, you can identify the facts to be proved the existence. But allow the parties to be adversely a presumption of burden and refute, a supplementary proof standard rules. Elaborated the criminal presumption to solve drug-related criminal cases "subjective knowing" that problem, and the problem solving model, and the effect is analyzed, we need to protect some major the legal interests, and difficult to prove that a violation of law benefit crime, they need for criminal presumption.
The third part mainly by way of empirical investigation, the criminal presumption in the judicial practice of the specific application, quoted domestic laws, regulations on criminal presumption rules, and analyzes the internal relations, the research conclusion of criminal presumption has validity, universality, flexibility and other inherent advantages, answered the criminal presumption elements, i.e. between the basic facts and the facts of the undetermined normal relation connotation, elaborated the legal basis, the reason, the author express the rationality of support.
The fourth part discusses the defects of criminal presumption, the short board, it must be subject to legal regulation of reason -- it is fuzzy, the potential conflict with the legal principle and so on. At the same time, through the study of comparative law introduces the foreign law to regulate the content of the criminal presumption, research path and domestic scholars on this issue. The judicial the practice of regulation of criminal presumption based on China, and gives the suggestions of the author's own system. The fact presumption and legal presumption of reasonable path were discussed, the regulation of criminal presumption to discuss, put forward to the Provincial Judicial Review of regulation system and so on, and to fit the judicial practice the purpose of the operation.
The fifth part discusses the general rules and special methods of drug-related crimes in the "subjective knowing" criminal presumption, put forward on the part of drug crime in the "subjective knowing the problems identified, applicable local judicial practice," general knowledge "and" should know "method to solve the criminal presumption, clarity of criminal presumption and not applicable to all drug-related crimes. The author also translated technical investigation data, drug content analysis, empirical property punishment punishment judicial practice to sort out in order of criminal presumption in the future judicial practice is more helpful to our party. Since eighteen, the flood in the judicial reform, criminal research on the judicial reform must accept the presumption, the author also hopes to reform the criminal presumption can be more productive, as far as possible timely care of our real life.
This paper discusses the criminal presumption, is a complex, highly practical academic subject, it not only with the substantive law of the crime, crime constitution system is closely linked with more responsibility, the proof procedure in the standard of proof, litigation, rights protection and other issues are intertwined, point to surface with echoes. Especially for the judicial practice of drug crime cases in some areas of our country, how to apply the criminal presumption to solve crimes "subjective knowing" that problem is a very complex issue, not simply citing the relevant provisions of the judicial interpretation and the provisions of the criminal law can make accurate identification Fuzzy criminal presumption, the basic properties of the auxiliary, also determines that it must have the corresponding regulation, to prevent the abuse of judicial discretion, to prevent abuse. Special attention is needed How to make the application of criminal presumption, and create harmony with the existing legal system of our country, and to adapt to China's current criminal judicial environment, is not only a theoretical discussion and academic debate can suddenly solve, the satisfactory solution, is a difficult system engineering.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.36

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