结合我国刑罚结构探析死刑制度改革

发布时间：2018-02-08 11:57

本文关键词： 死刑刑罚结构刑法修正案八　出处：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：死刑以剥夺犯罪分子的生命为主要内容,又被称为生命刑或极刑。纵观中外各国的刑罚史可以发现,死刑在所有刑罚方法中起源最早,在国家产生之初,死刑制度便随着刑法的出台产生了,可以说死刑与刑法的产生具有同步性。我国是以死刑和自由刑为主的重刑结构的国家,刑罚结构不合理,总体呈现“死刑偏重,生刑偏轻”特点。我国重刑主义的传统、民众的“以血还血、以牙还牙”的报复观念,制约我国刑罚结构的调整。这种重刑结构导致我国刑罚的功能不能完全发挥,也不符合刑法的谦抑性以及国际人道主义精神。在国际社会中,废除死刑的国家占绝大多数,限制并废除死刑是一种主流趋势。死刑的改革不仅是构建和谐社会的需要,而且与发展我国人权事业密切相关。目前我国正处于社会主义初级阶段,经济条件与发达国家相比较,还处于一个相对落后的阶段,不管是立法、司法还是社会公众的固有观念,对死刑这种极刑的依赖程度比较大。此外,从许多的现实因素角度考虑,我国还需要死刑的威慑作用。这些客观因素决定了我国不能立即废除死刑,而是需要在保留死刑的基础上,对死刑的适用进行限制。死刑在刑罚结构中属于一个非常重要的刑种,死刑的改革必然会牵扯到刑罚结构的调整。如果在不改变原有刑罚结构情况下,改革死刑制度,则会导致刑罚结构的失衡。2011年通过了《刑法修正案(八)》,在一定程度上优化了我国的刑罚结构,对死刑的适用进行了限制的同时,进行行刑社会化即社区矫正的尝试、重刑体系优化重组等的刑罚结构的调整。充分贯彻了“宽严相济”的刑事政策,是该刑事政策精神在刑罚结构中充分的体现。《刑法修正案(八)》取消了13种经济性、非暴力犯罪的死刑；在死刑适用对象方面,增加审判的时候已满七十五周岁的人,不适用死刑,但以特别残忍手段致人死亡的除外；对自由刑进行改革,提高了有期徒刑数罪并罚情况下执行刑期。这些修改一方面优化了我国的刑罚结构,另一方面对死刑的适用进行了限制。但是在死刑制度方面,还存在死刑罪名偏多,限制适用死刑的主体偏窄等缺陷。对此,从刑罚结构的角度,应当从四个方面对死刑适用进行限制,包括：1、设置绝对无期徒刑。设置一种不得减刑也不得假释的无期徒刑,适用于那种罪行极其严重,侵犯到他人生命权益的,人身危险性极大的犯罪行为人。2、完善有期徒刑配置。将有期徒刑的上限提高到二十五年,数罪并罚不能超过三十年。3、进一步削减死刑罪名。将贪污贿赂犯罪中的死刑罪名予以废除；对非暴力犯罪的死刑罪名进行进一步的削减；对刑法中备而不用的暴力犯罪死刑予以废除或者是合并；精简刑法,进一步削减、合并死刑罪名。4、扩大限制适用死刑特殊群体的范围。对老年人、精神病人、又聋又哑的人或盲人、哺乳期妇女、智力障碍者适用死刑进行限制。
[Abstract]:The death penalty takes depriving criminals of their lives as the main content, and is also called life penalty or capital punishment. Throughout the history of penalty in China and foreign countries, it can be found that the death penalty originated from the earliest of all the methods of punishment, and came into being at the beginning of the country. The system of death penalty comes into being with the introduction of criminal law, it can be said that the birth of death penalty and criminal law has a synchronism. The tradition of heavy punishment in our country and the idea of revenge of "blood for blood, tooth for tooth" restricts the adjustment of our country's penalty structure. This kind of heavy punishment structure leads to the failure of the function of punishment in our country. It is also inconsistent with the modesty of criminal law and the spirit of international humanitarianism. In the international community, the abolitionist countries account for the overwhelming majority, and the restriction and abolition of the death penalty is a mainstream trend. The reform of the death penalty is not only the need to build a harmonious society, Moreover, it is closely related to the development of the cause of human rights in our country. At present, our country is in the primary stage of socialism. Compared with developed countries, the economic conditions are still in a relatively backward stage, regardless of legislation. Justice is still an inherent concept of the public, and there is a greater reliance on the death penalty as a capital punishment. In addition, from the point of view of many practical factors, We also need the deterrent effect of the death penalty. These objective factors make it impossible to abolish the death penalty immediately, but based on the retention of the death penalty. The application of the death penalty is restricted. The death penalty belongs to a very important type of punishment in the penalty structure. The reform of the death penalty will inevitably involve the adjustment of the penalty structure. If the former penalty structure is not changed, the death penalty system will be reformed. In 2011, the Criminal Law Amendment (8) was passed, which, to a certain extent, optimized the penalty structure of our country, restricted the application of the death penalty, and at the same time attempted to socialize the execution, that is, community correction. The adjustment of the penalty structure of the system of heavy punishment, such as optimization and reorganization, has fully implemented the criminal policy of "combining leniency and severe punishment", which is the full embodiment of the spirit of the criminal policy in the penalty structure. [amendment (8)] of the Criminal Law abolished 13 kinds of economy. The death penalty for non-violent crimes; with regard to the application of the death penalty, an increase in the number of persons who have reached the age of 75 at the time of trial, with the exception of those who have caused death by special cruel means; and the reform of freedom sentences, It has increased the execution of the sentence under the circumstances of a combination of imprisonment and several crimes. On the one hand, these modifications have optimized the criminal structure of our country, on the other hand, have restricted the application of the death penalty. However, in terms of the death penalty system, there are still a large number of death penalty charges. For this reason, from the point of view of the structure of the penalty, the application of the death penalty should be restricted from four aspects, including: 1, establishing absolute life imprisonment, and setting up a life imprisonment that cannot be commuted or paroled. For those crimes that are extremely serious and infringe upon the rights and interests of other people's lives, the perpetrator of the crime, who is extremely dangerous to the person, shall perfect the allocation of fixed-term imprisonment, and raise the maximum limit of fixed-term imprisonment to 25 years. The penalty for several crimes should not exceed 30 years. 3. The death penalty should be further reduced. The death penalty for corruption and bribery should be abolished, and the death penalty for non-violent crimes should be further reduced. Abolish or merge the death penalty for violent crimes that are not in use in the criminal law; streamline the criminal law, further reduce and merge the death penalty charges .4. expand the scope of the special groups that restrict the application of the death penalty... for the elderly and the mentally ill, Deafness and mute persons or blind, lactating women, and persons with mental disabilities are subject to the death penalty.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924

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