代替考试罪的立法解读与司法检视

发布时间：2018-02-26 13:00

  本文关键词： 代替考试罪 犯罪构成 司法认定 犯罪形态　出处：《河北经贸大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着考试作弊现象尤其是替考的规模化、组织化发展,尤其是近几年部分地区的高考出现了大规模的替考现象的让人震惊,比如2014年河南高考替考事件、2015年江西高考替考事件等。为更有效的规制替考行为,此次《刑法修正案(九)》增设了代替考试罪。首先,我国针对考试作弊行为的强制性规范主要是行政法规与地方政府规章,皆收效甚微,主要是行政法规处罚偏轻,具有的威慑作用有限,替考相关人员在高科技的帮助下与高额的利诱下对强制性规范视若罔闻,导致替考现象频发。其次,刑法的其他罪名只能规制组织考试作弊、帮助考试作弊等行为,但是相比较而言,刑法对替考行为规制的缺位却是近几年大规模替考现象产生的重要原因,毋庸置疑,将具有严重社会危害性的替考行为纳入刑法规制的范围,在《刑法》中增设代替考试罪可以对替考者与被替考者等相关替考参与人员产生强大的心理强制力,从而进一步遏制替考行为。面对相关行政法规与刑事立法对代替考试行为规制的不足,进一步明确代替考试罪有利于相关刑法与行政法规分工合作,共同打击替考作弊行为。《刑法修改案(九)》通过之前,学者对替考应否入罪存在不同的观点,有学者认为在原有法律法规的框架要能够解决替考作弊的问题,增设新罪不符合刑法的谦抑性与稳定性,但是本文通过对替考行为的危害性等问题进行分析,认为无论从理论还是从实践角度来考察,为了实现法益保护的前置化,替考行为入罪的必要性毋庸置疑。替考行为正式入罪后,作为一个新的罪名,在理论上有许多问题需要进一步梳理,比如如何在原有的刑事立法的框架下正确适用代替考试罪,解决当下的司法困境;如何解读代替考试罪的构成要件;怎样界定罪与非罪、代替考试罪与相关罪名的界限等等。本文将围绕上述问题进行展开论述。全文共三万字左右,分为五章。第一章重点阐述了代替考试罪的立法背景与意义,国内外研究现状,本文的研究方法与创新点,为本文的讨论划定一个相对明确和统一的起点及话语平台。第二章的主要内容是对增设代替考试罪的合理性性探讨,从现实理由与理论依据两个方面阐述设立代替考试罪的必要性和意义。第三章是本文的主体部分,对代替考试罪的构成要件进行分析,从代替考试罪的客体、客观方面、主体、主观方面对代替考试罪进行界定,以期对代替考试罪做出准确的解读,使得代替考试罪的适用符合罪刑法定原则,在保护公民自由与权利的前提下最大限度发挥代替考试罪对替考作弊行为的规制与震慑作用。第四章主要是对代替考试罪进行司法认定,对代替考试罪与相关考试违纪的关系进行分析,并对代替考试罪与组织考试作弊罪、使用虚假身份证件罪等相似罪名进行区分,尤其是代替考试罪作为一个新的罪名,需要对相关行为的入罪标准与相关罪名进行准确定位,以更好的对实际中出现的案例进行指导,契合罪刑法定的基本原则,在适用中做到准确定罪与量刑,发挥立法者增设代替考试罪对打击考试作弊犯罪的实际作用。第五章主要是对代替考试罪在适用中存在的问题,例如代替考试罪中对犯罪形态的规定过于模糊,无法对其在司法中的适用提供明确的指导;该罪对主体的规定过于狭窄;代替考试罪的量刑存在不合理之处进行探讨。从问题出发有针对性的提出相关完善建议,具体包括三个方面,即明确代替考试罪的各个犯罪形态的标准,包括犯罪既遂标准、犯罪预备的标准、犯罪未遂的标准、犯罪中止的标准;适当扩大代替考试罪的主体范围;对代替考试罪的量刑情节予以明确,例如增加代替考试罪中资格刑的刑罚等。
[Abstract]:With the phenomenon of cheating in examinations especially training scale, organization development, especially in some areas in recent years, the college entrance examination test appeared the phenomenon of large-scale shocking, such as the 2014 Henan entrance take the test event in 2015. Jiangxi entrance take the test event for more effective regulation of impersonation behavior, the "criminal law amendment (nine) > add instead of examination crime. First, according to our country's mandatory norms of cheating in examination is mainly administrative regulations and local government regulations, all have little effect, is the main administrative regulations, lighter punishment, deterrence has limited training related personnel in the help of high technology and high inducements to mandatory standard if the blind lead tikao phenomenon frequently. Secondly, the criminal law regulation of other charges can only help organizations to cheat in the exam, examination cheating behavior, but in comparison, the criminal law on the legal regulation An important reason is the lack of production, in recent years, large-scale training phenomenon undoubtedly, training behavior has serious social harmfulness into the scope of criminal law, the crime of criminal law in the exam instead of adding to the < > ringers and ringers and other related participants take the test to produce powerful mental force, so as to further curb take the test behavior. The face of lack of relevant administrative regulations and criminal legislation to replace examination behavior regulation, to further clarify the examination instead of crime in favor of criminal law and relevant administrative regulations division, to fight for something for teicoplanin cheating amendment of criminal law (nine) > by scholars before, should be convicted of training there are different views, some scholars believe that in the framework of the existing laws and regulations to solve the problem of adding new test cheating, crime does not conform to the suppression and stability of the criminal law, but based on the test line The problem is analyzed, whether from theory or from practice angle, in order to realize the pre protection of legal interests, it is necessary to study the behavior of doubt. Legal convicted, as a new offense, there are many problems need to be further combed in theory, for example how in the framework of the existing criminal legislation under the correct application of the exam instead of sin, to solve the current dilemma of how to interpret the judicial examination; instead of the elements of the crime; how to define crime or crime and related charges, instead of the test line and so on. This paper will discuss the above problems. The full text is about thirty thousand words, divided into five chapter. The first chapter focuses on the background and significance of the examination instead of legislation of the crime of domestic and foreign research present situation, research methods and innovation points of this article, draw a relatively clear and uniform for the discussion in this paper 璧风偣鍙婅瘽璇�骞冲彛�

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