我国环境犯罪刑事责任的实现方式研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 23:38

本文选题：环境犯罪　切入点：环境刑事责任　出处：《贵州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：环境犯罪是最严重的危害环境的行为,利用刑法手段来保护环境,已经成为世界各国保护环境的一大趋势。目前我国的环境犯罪刑事责任实现方式沿用传统犯罪的刑罚体系,未能取得良好的效果。原因何在?笔者希望通过对比分析和价值分析的方法,指出我国刑法中环境刑事责任实现方式的不足之处,并通过借鉴国外的先进经验结合我国国情,提出一些合理可行的完善建议。本文分为四个部分进行论述。第一部分,环境犯罪概述。该部分主要从两个方面进行:第一,介绍国内外环境刑法的制定模式与环境犯罪的概念。第二,环境犯罪的特点。笔者将从四个方面对环境犯罪的特点进行解析,即主体、客体、行为及危害后果。首先,环境犯罪的主体包括自然人和单位,以单位犯罪为突出特点;其次,环境犯罪的客体争议较多,很多国家的环境刑法理念慢慢从“人类中心主义”发展到“生态中心主义”,人们也意识到环境犯罪侵犯的客体除了与人类相关的利益还有生态利益;第三,环境犯罪的行为方式,表现为污染和破坏两种行为方式;第四,环境犯罪的危害后果一般较普通犯罪严重,环境犯罪的危害结果具有滞后性、不可逆转性,危害范围具有广泛性等特点。第二部分,环境刑事责任概述。环境刑事责任是刑事责任的下位概念,它是指实施环境犯罪行为的人应当承担的人民法院依照刑事法律对其犯罪行为及本人所做的否定性评价和谴责。该部分从刑事责任理论出发,阐述了环境刑事责任的概念、根据、归责原则及其实现,为环境刑事责任的实现方式研究提供了理论支撑。第三部分,环境刑事责任实现方式概述。刑事责任的实现方式包括刑罚措施和非刑罚措施。笔者通过对比分析的方法,阐述了国内外刑罚措施、非刑罚措施的立法及司法现状。刑罚措施方面,国内外环境刑法基本都是普遍适用自由刑和罚金刑,但是国内外不同的是,国外的罚金刑大都规定有“限额”或“日额”,而我国刑法规定的环境犯罪的罚金刑是“无限额罚金”,这种规定存在诸多弊端。部分国家刑罚措施还规定了资格刑,如“剥夺营业权”、“剥夺担任一定职务或从事某种活动的权利”等,而我国环境刑事立法并没有与此类资格刑相关的规定;至于非刑罚措施,国外早已有了环境犯罪非刑罚措施的相关规定,如限定特定行为、销毁犯罪条件和义务性措施。而我国刑法除了总则36、37条规定的“训诫”、“责令具结悔过”等处罚以及第64条规定的“追缴”、“没收”,尚未单独在刑法分则部分规定适用于环境犯罪的非刑罚措施。第四部分,环境刑事责任实现方式完善建议。该部分笔者从三个方面提出建议:环境刑法理念的完善、环境犯罪刑罚措施的完善以及环境犯罪非刑罚措施的完善。完善环境刑事责任的实现方式,首先要从环境刑法理念层面着手,这样才能有利于将来在立法及司法中得以贯彻。关于刑罚措施的完善,笔者建议:细化罚金刑,引入限额罚金制和日额罚金制;设置罚金易科制度;增设资格刑,丰富刑罚种类。关于非刑罚措施,笔者首先阐述了在我国环境刑法中设置非刑罚措施的价值及必要性,在此基础上再提出具体完善建议以实现环境犯罪非刑罚措施的制度化。对我国的环境犯罪的惩罚体系的完善,应当在学习国外的先进经验的同时,具体考量中国自身的基本情况,以及国外的经验是否适合中国这片土壤,才能有利于对我国环境犯罪的惩罚体系进行有益的完善。我们首先应在刑法中明确非刑罚措施的法律地位;其次,完善我国的非刑罚措施种类;最后,再根据不同的环境犯罪主体适用不同的非刑罚措施。保护人类赖以生存的环境,惩治和预防环境犯罪,传统的刑罚手段不应继续独当一面。我国刑法应当注重运用多种手段惩治环境犯罪分子,以达到预防犯罪、保护环境的目的。刑事责任实现方式的多元化不仅有利于惩罚犯罪,更有利于预防犯罪、减小再犯的可能性以保护环境,最大化的弥补刑罚功能的不足,不仅体现了我国宽严相济的刑事政策思想,而且符合世界刑法改革的趋势。
[Abstract]:Environmental crime is the most serious harm to the environment behavior, by means of criminal law to protect the environment, has become a major trend in the world to protect the environment. The environmental crime of criminal responsibility of our country implementation of the traditional criminal penalty system, failed to achieve good results. What is the reason? I hope that through the comparative analysis and value method analysis of the shortcomings of the implementation of environmental criminal responsibility in the criminal law of our country, and through the advanced foreign experience combined with China's national conditions, put forward some reasonable and feasible suggestions. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part, an overview of environmental crime. This part mainly from two aspects: 1. The introduction of domestic and foreign environmental criminal law mode and the concept of environmental crime. The second characteristics of environmental crime. The author will characteristics from the four aspects of environmental crime in the analysis, The subject, object, behavior and harmful consequences. First of all, the subject of environmental crime includes the natural person and unit, the unit crime is one of the most outstanding characteristic; secondly, the object of the controversial concept of environmental crime, environmental criminal law in many countries gradually from "Anthropocentrism" to "eco Centrism", people are aware of the environment the crime of infringing object in addition to human related interests and ecological interests; third, environmental crime behavior, destruction of two kinds of behavior and pollution; fourth, the consequences of environmental crime is common crime, environmental crime harm with lag, irreversible harm has the characteristics of wide range. Etc. the second part, an overview of the criminal responsibility of environment. Environmental criminal responsibility is the concept of criminal responsibility, it is the people's court refers to the implementation of environmental crime shall bear the Negative evaluation and in accordance with the criminal law of the condemned criminal behavior and what I do. This part starts from the theory of criminal responsibility, expounds the concept of environmental criminal liability according to the imputation principle and Realization of realization of environmental criminal responsibility provides theoretical support. In the third part, overview of implementation of environmental criminal responsibility. Including penalty measures and non penalty measures implementation of criminal responsibility. Through comparative analysis, elaborated the domestic and foreign criminal measures, legislative and judicial status of non penalty measures. The penalty measures, domestic and international environmental criminal law is the basic universal freedom penalty and fine penalty, but at home and abroad is different, most of the foreign fine penalty provisions "limit" or "daily amount", and the fine punishment of environmental crime in Chinese criminal law is "unlimited fine", this has many drawbacks. Part of the national penalty measures also provides qualification penalty, such as "deprived of the right of business", "deprivation as a certain positions or engage in certain activities of the rights", and environmental criminal legislation in our country has not set associated with this kind of qualification penalty; for non penalty measures, overseas already has the relevant provisions of the non penalty measures of environmental crime such as, defining a specific behavior, the destruction condition of crime and compulsory measures. Criminal law of our country in addition to general provisions of article 36,37 "lecture", "ordered to make a statement of repentance and punishment and the provisions of article sixty-fourth" recovered "," confiscation ", is not alone in the criminal law provisions applicable to the part of the environmental crime punishment measures the fourth part, the environmental criminal responsibility implementation suggestions. In this part the author puts forward suggestions from three aspects: perfecting the environmental criminal law concept, perfecting the environmental crime and environmental crime criminal punishment measures Perfect the penalty measures. Realization way of perfecting the environmental criminal responsibility, we must begin with the concept of environmental criminal law, so as to contribute to the future in the legislation and judicature can be carried out. The author suggests to improve, on the punishment measures: refinement of fine penalty, limit fine system and introduced the day fine system; set up fine exchanging system; additional qualifications, enrich the types of penalties. On non penalty measures, the author firstly elaborated the non penalty measures in our environmental criminal law value and necessity, and then puts forward the system of specific suggestions for environmental criminal punishment measures. To improve our environmental criminal punishment system. At the same time should learn advanced experience of foreign countries, the basic situation of China specific consideration of itself, and the foreign experience for China of the soil can be beneficial to the environmental crime of our country The punishment system is beneficial to improve. We should first clarify the legal status of non penalty punishment in criminal law; secondly, perfect the types of non penalty measures in China; finally, according to the environmental crime subject different for different non penalty measures. To protect the environment for human survival, the prevention and punishment of environmental crime, the traditional punishment should not continue to take charge as chief of the criminal law of our country. Should pay attention to the use of various means to punish molecular environmental crime, crime prevention in order to protect the environment, the implementation of criminal responsibility. The diversification is not only conducive to the punishment of crime, more conducive to the prevention of crime, reduce the possibility of relapse to protect the environment, maximize the insufficiency of penalty functions. Not only embodies the criminal policy of combining punishment with leniency in our country, but also conforms to the trend of reform of criminal law in the world.

【学位授予单位】：贵州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D924.3

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