试论偶然防卫

发布时间：2018-04-23 21:37

本文选题：偶然防卫 + 违法性　；参考：《安徽大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：偶然防卫理论是刑法学中重要的理论,对于完善刑法学相关理论和指导司法实践中遇到的棘手问题具有积极的意义。同时,偶然防卫问题的研究还涉及到刑法学一个重要问题即刑法立场问题。在大陆法系的刑法学理论中,有着客观主义立场和主观主义立场的基本对立,对该问题有完全不同的认识和理解。客观主义立场学者支持结果无价值理论,认为基于违法性的本质在于行为侵害了法律所保护的客观法益或者对法益造成了威胁的结果,因此偶然防卫不构成犯罪或者说偶然防卫可以构成犯罪未遂,应当对于此种行为不予犯罪定性或刑事处罚。主观主义立场学者多半支持行为无价值理论的观点,违法性的基准也被定性为行为人主观上具有违反法律规范秩序的主观恶性,因此倾向于认为偶然防卫构成犯罪且成立既遂。本文先从介绍偶然防卫的概念入手,收集和整理了相关书籍和论文资料,并运用分析法、比较法、经验总结法等研究方法,着重从结果无价值理论和行为无价值理论立场出发,分析违法性的本质,从而对偶然防卫的分类、定性、犯罪形态以及刑事处罚等具体问题进行分析和归纳,以期对偶然防卫问题有所了解。偶然防卫是指在主观上没有防卫意识却在客观上针对正在进行的不法侵害实施了防卫行为,区别于正当防卫和认识错误。正是偶然防卫具有正当防卫的合法外观,导致偶然防卫的定性以及处罚成为讨论的难题。结果无价值理论坚持认为违法性的实质在于侵害了法益,偶然防卫在客观上保护了合法权益因此不构成犯罪,更不存在处罚的可能。而行为无价值理论认为违法性是由行为无价值所决定,完全不用考虑法益受到侵害或者受到威胁的实质意义,至于这种结果只是偶然所得,也就是从违法内容中排除了结果无价值,因此偶然防卫行为人实施了违反法律规范的行为,必然具备了违法的本质。笔者坚持二元行为无价值理论,其核心观点是,行为无价值和结果无价值两方面均是判断违法性的基石,要主观判断和客观判断相结合,包含在对社会伦理秩序的保护之中的法益保护才是我们应当实现的。同时,本文认为无论坚持主观主义立场还是坚持客观主义立场,对于违法性进行判断的根本意义在于指导司法实践,实现刑法目的。进而就偶然防卫是否构成犯罪、构成何种犯罪以及如何进行处罚进行了具体的制度构想。区分故意的偶然防卫和过失的偶然防卫,行为犯和结果犯,充分考虑行为的主观恶性、社会危害性的大小、行为人行为时的年龄、智力以及精神状态等条件。并且考虑到偶然防卫的现实意义,在偶然防卫行为构成犯罪的情况下,不论既遂或未遂的情节,都应当充分考虑其减轻社会危害程度的作用,从而合理合法的量刑处罚。
[Abstract]:The theory of accidental defense is an important theory in criminal law, which has positive significance for perfecting the relevant theories of criminal law and guiding the thorny problems encountered in judicial practice. At the same time, the study of accidental defense also involves an important issue of criminal law, that is, the criminal law position. In the criminal law theory of the continental law system, there is a basic opposition between objectivism and subjectivism, and there is a completely different understanding and understanding of this problem. The objectivism standpoint scholars support the theory of no value of the result, and believe that the essence of illegality lies in the result that the behavior infringes the objective legal interests protected by the law or threatens the legal interests. Therefore, accidental defense does not constitute a crime or accidental defense can constitute an attempted crime, such acts should not be criminalized or punished. Most of the subjectivism scholars support the theory of behavior without value, and the criterion of illegality is characterized as the subjective malignancy of the perpetrator who has violated the legal norms and order subjectively, so he tends to think that accidental defense constitutes a crime and is established as accomplished. This paper begins with the introduction of the concept of accidental defense, collects and arranges the relevant books and papers, and applies the methods of analysis, comparison, experience summary and so on, focusing on the standpoint of the theory of no value of results and the theory of behavior without value. By analyzing the nature of illegality, the author analyzes and induces the classification, qualitative analysis, criminal form and criminal punishment of accidental defense, in order to understand the problem of accidental defense. Accidental defense refers to the subjective lack of defense consciousness but objectively against the ongoing illegal violations of the defense behavior, which is different from legitimate defense and cognitive errors. It is fortuitous defense that has the legal appearance of legitimate defense, which leads to the discussion of the nature and punishment of accidental defense. Results the theory of no value insists that the essence of illegality lies in infringing legal interests, and that accidental defense objectively protects legitimate rights and interests and thus does not constitute a crime, let alone the possibility of punishment. The theory of behavior without value holds that illegality is determined by the lack of value of the act and does not take into account the substantive significance of the legal interest being infringed or threatened. That is to say, the result is not valuable from the illegal content, so the act of violating the legal norms is carried out by the accidental defense actor, which is bound to have the essence of breaking the law. The author insists on the theory of dualistic behavior with no value. The core point of view is that the behavior without value and the result without value are the cornerstone of judging illegality, and the subjective judgment and objective judgment should be combined. The protection of legal interests included in the protection of social ethical order is what we should realize. At the same time, this paper holds that the fundamental significance of judging illegality lies in guiding judicial practice and realizing the purpose of criminal law, regardless of whether we insist on subjectivism or objectivism. Then, this paper makes a concrete system conception on whether accidental defense constitutes a crime, what kind of crime is constituted and how to carry out punishment. It distinguishes intentional accidental defense from negligent accidental defense, behavioral offense and resultant offense, and fully considers the subjective malignancy of behavior, the size of social harmfulness, the age, intelligence and mental state of the behavior of the perpetrator. And considering the practical significance of accidental defense, in the case that accidental defense constitutes a crime, whether accomplished or attempted circumstances, we should fully consider its role in reducing the degree of social harm, thus reasonable and lawful sentencing punishment.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D914

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