论刑法中的犯罪人格

发布时间：2018-05-20 00:40

本文选题：犯罪人格 + 行为刑法　；参考：《西南政法大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：任何刑法理论的研究都摆脱不了主观与客观、规范与事实两对范畴的藩篱,刑法中犯罪人格的研究也落此窠臼。但是刑法中犯罪人格理论建立于刑法客观化观念基础之上,是对刑法精确主义的体现于深化。所谓刑法客观化,是指犯罪构成、刑事责任、刑事制裁等相关内容的研究与证明的具体化与精确化。刑法客观化的内容在行为客观方面的基础上,包括主观证明的客观化、刑事责任衡量的客观化以及刑罚适用的客观化。与刑法客观化相对应的是刑法精确主义,它是刑法客观化逻辑演绎的必然结果,同时也是对刑法客观化的具体细分。所谓刑法精确主义,是指刑法研究方法、研究内容在事实与规范的循环中,应当具有内容明确性、分类明细性以及内容可证明性。刑法精确主义,并非绝对主义,而是相对的明确。承载着行为刑法与行为人刑法共同追寻的刑法客观化与刑法精确主义的使命,刑法中的犯罪人格研究在主观与客观的徘徊中寻觅客观化的路径。现阶段,我国刑法学人对于犯罪人格能够通过情节影响量刑已经达成基本共识。但是“对于犯罪人格是否能够影响定罪,以及如何影响定罪”,学界还众说纷纭。我国传统四要件面临的最大瓶颈便是较少关注行为人的主观恶性以及反社会性等价值评价,或者说难以找出一个能够合理证明犯罪主观恶性或反社会性评价程度的要素。在这一瓶颈的压制下,刑法对于主观罪过既爱又恨,只能在客观主义折衷说的立场从需求解决主观问题的外援。于是,如何在诸多学说中理清犯罪人格与犯罪构成之间的关系成为犯罪人格跨入定罪圈的研究重地。而解决犯罪人格与定罪之间关系的前提,是犯罪人格能够具体化与实证化。犯罪人格调查制度的构造,便成为犯罪人格突破定罪限制的“阿基米德支点”。遁循从抽象理论到实践评判再到具体理论研究的思路,基于对犯罪人格的思考,本文结合哲学、社会学、心理学等学科理论,构造出刑法中的犯罪人格相关理论。本文除引言外,共包括五章内容：第一章：刑法中犯罪人格的概述；人格是一个多元的概念体系,本部分主要从观念中常常牵连一起的概念入手,对哲学、心理学、民法学等方面的人格比对,抽象概括刑法中人格的定义；在人格与主观恶性、人身危险性关系方面,主观恶性与人身危险性是对刑事责任性质的阐述,而人格则属于责任内容,人格与主观恶性、人身危险性之间是具体内容与抽象属性之间的关系。主观恶性及人身危险性的实体内容体现为人格,通过人格来衡量；而人格的评价属性表现为人身危险性、主观恶性,依据人格所体现出来的主观恶性及人身危险性程度来确定具体的刑事制裁措施。第二章：犯罪人格刑法理论的形成及构造；人格刑法的研究首先建立于行为刑法与行为人刑法已经形成的行为责任论的基础上,是针对行为与行为人做出更进一步的、更具体化的探索。行为刑法与行为人刑法理论发展过程中,体现的刑法客观化、刑法精确主义观成为人格刑法内容建构的基石。人格刑法通过人格行为论、人格责任论与人格量刑观展现自身体系的整体性与独特性,虽然学界对人格刑法存在各种批判性意见,但是对于人格的客观存在、责任认定的全面化、刑罚执行的合理化方面已然达成共识,这是人格刑法得以深入研究的前提。第三章：犯罪人格调查制度；人格调查制度是犯罪人格以具体形式表露于外的中介,也是犯罪人格能够实现的根本性依托。人格调查制度的良性运行,不仅仅是刑事诉讼程序完善的标志,更是推动犯罪人格在定罪与量刑中地位变革的关键。本部分从四个方面对人格调查制度展开研究。第一节围绕着学界关于犯罪人格调查、犯罪人格调查报告、犯罪人格调查卷、犯罪人格调查报告书、犯罪人格调查制度等五种概念交叉混乱,从基本概念及其属性一一作出梳理。犯罪人格调查制度的基本属性问题,即是犯罪人格调查的材料及《犯罪人格调查报告》的属性问题,前者借助在传统的证据类别的前提下,需要改造现有的证据体系,将品格证据作为证据的类别之一；而《人格调查报告》属于专家鉴定意见。第二节是犯罪人格调查的基本内容,它包括实体内容与程序内容。第三节犯罪人格调查制度的基本价值,从研究犯罪人格调查制度的价值归宿上,研究人格调查报告提出的必要性。第四节在对我国现阶段人格社会调查制度存在的宣示性问题上,应当从规范性层面对人格调查制度予以完善。人格调查制度的调查内容应当紧紧围绕其是否影响责任能力展开,排除与犯罪人格没有牵连的道德人格,以防止人格调查的漫无边际与徒劳无功。通过域外人格调查制度的内容建构,可以看出人格调查制度是一项庞大的社会工程。它并非司法机关独立主体所能完成的,也并非刑事法律一部法律能够解决的,它需要心理学、教育学等其他学科做支撑,更需要社会其他主体的协调参与。第四章：犯罪人格在定罪中的运用；在我国平面的四要件犯罪构成中,刑事责任通过行为的客观方面内化于主体与主观要件之中。所以对于行为人归责的合理化,亦即对行为人定罪的合理化。定罪的概念在此就应当做全面性的理解,即为司法机关依照刑事诉讼法律规定,遁循刑法基本原则的基础上,基于客观行为之危害性及主观犯罪人格彰显的罪过程度,认定行为是否构罪以及构成何罪的活动。行为人归责的合理化路径实现,即是依托犯罪人格来体现或证明主体、主观方面的罪过程度。基于刑事责任根据是修正的罪过说理念,犯罪人格是罪过的事实侧面,它是主观要件、主体要件的实体内容与证明性要素。犯罪人格通过影响责任能力、认识能力与意志能力,进而得以通过犯罪主体与犯罪主观要件纳入定罪中。犯罪人格既影响出罪也影响入罪,但是在犯罪人格反应罪过较重的情形,应当严格遵循规范责任论。即只有在法律明确化的定罪类型或加重责任类型的前提下,才能作为入罪适用。在没有规范明确的情形下,不应当作为加重处罚的依据。脱离规范范畴的犯罪人格,不宜作为定罪的事实考量要素。第五章：犯罪人格在量刑中的运用；量刑应当以量刑的全面化作为伊始,既考虑行为的客观面又应当衡量行为人的主观面。量刑个别化是对量刑全面化的深化,它是我国量刑还没有实现充分全面现实窘境的出路。狭义的量刑个别化主要体现了量刑全面化中缺失的行为人的主观面,它是对人身危险性的具体化。行为人人身危险性通过罪过程度以及其他政策性内容彰显,由于人身危险性存在的抽象性、模糊性,现阶段的人身危险性其内容应当以罪过程度为核心,以政策性规范内容为辅助。对于能够影响罪过程度即主观认识力或控制力的事实要素,在法律没有明确规定为量刑情节的前提下应当作为酌定量刑情节适用。在司法实践中,应当采取类型化的方式及时将常常出现的影响人身危险性的酌定情节上升为法定情节。犯罪人格在量刑中的发展,应当是对刑罚处遇措施的不断扩充式完善,即在基本刑种的前提下,不断创新走向人权保障的刑罚衔接体系,包括发展保安处分制度。
[Abstract]:Any research on the theory of criminal law can not get rid of the barriers of subjective and objective, standard and fact two categories, and the study of criminal personality in criminal law is also set in the nest. But criminal personality theory in criminal law is based on the objective concept of criminal law, which is the deepening of the criminal law precision. The objective of criminal law is the criminal structure. The objective aspects of criminal law, including objectification of subjective proof, objectification of criminal responsibility and objectification of the application of penalty, are based on Objectification of criminal law. The inevitable result of the objective logic deduction of the law is the specific subdivision of the objectification of the criminal law. The so-called criminal precision, which refers to the research method of criminal law, should have the clarity of content, the classification and the proof of the content in the circle of facts and norms. The criminal law is accurate, not absolutism, but relative to the criminal law. It bears the mission of objectification of criminal law and the precision of criminal law, which is pursued jointly by criminal law and criminal law. The study of criminal personality in criminal law seeks the objective path in the wandering of the subjective and objective. At this stage, the criminal personality of our country has reached the basic consensus on the ability of criminal personality to affect the sentencing of the plot through the plot. There are many different opinions on whether the criminal personality can affect the conviction, and how to affect the conviction. The biggest bottleneck of our traditional four elements is to pay less attention to the subjective malignancy and anti social value evaluation of the perpetrator, or to find that it is difficult to find a reasonable proof of the subjective malignant or antisocial evaluation of the crime. Under this bottleneck, under the suppression of this bottleneck, the criminal law has both love and hatred for the subjective crime. It can only solve the subjective problem from the demand of objectivism compromise. So, how to clarify the relationship between the criminal personality and the constitution of the crime in many doctrines becomes the research of the crime circle of criminal personality. The premise of the relationship between the criminal personality and the conviction is that the criminal personality can be concretely and empirically. The construction of the criminal personality investigation system has become the "Archimedes fulcrum" for the criminal personality to break through the limitation of conviction. In addition to the introduction, this article includes five chapters: Chapter 1: the first chapter: the summary of criminal personality in criminal law; the personality is a multiple concept system, and this part mainly begins with the concept, which is often implicated in the concept, philosophy, psychology, The personality comparison of the civil law and other aspects, which abstractly generalizes the definition of personality in criminal law; in terms of personality and subjective malignancy and personal danger, subjective malignancy and personal danger are the description of the nature of criminal responsibility, while personality belongs to the content of responsibility, personality and subjective malignancy, and personal danger is the specific content and abstract attribute. The relationship between the subjective malignant and personal danger is embodied in personality, which is measured by personality, and the evaluation attribute of personality is characterized by personal danger and subjective malignancy, and the specific punishment measures are determined according to the subjective malignant and personal danger level embodied in the personality. The second chapter: criminal personality criminal law theory. The study of personality criminal law is first established on the basis of the theory of behavioral responsibility which has been formed by criminal law and criminal law. It is a further and more specific exploration for the behavior and the actor. In the course of the development of criminal law and the criminal law of the actor, the objectification of criminal law and the exact view of criminal law It becomes the cornerstone of the content construction of personality criminal law. The personality criminal law shows the integrity and uniqueness of its own system through the theory of personality behavior, the theory of personality responsibility and the concept of personality sentencing. Although there are various critical opinions on personality criminal law in the academic circles, the objective existence of the personality, the overall responsibility of the responsibility and the rationalization of the execution of the penalty have been made. The third chapter is the criminal personality investigation system, and the personality investigation system is the intermediary which reveals the criminal personality in the concrete form. It is also the fundamental support for the criminal personality to be realized. The virtuous movement of the personality investigation system is not only a sign of the perfection of the criminal procedure. It is the key to promoting the status of criminal personality in convictions and sentencing. This part studies the personality investigation system from four aspects. The first section focuses on the five concepts of criminal personality survey, criminal personality investigation report, criminal personality survey, criminal personality investigation report, criminal personality investigation system and so on. The basic attribute of the criminal personality investigation system is the material of the criminal personality investigation and the attribute of the criminal personality investigation report. The former needs to transform the existing evidence system with the help of the traditional evidence category, and take the character evidence as one of the categories of the evidence. The second section is the basic content of the criminal personality investigation. It includes the content of the substantive content and the content of the procedure. The basic value of the third section of the criminal personality investigation system, the necessity of the study of the personality investigation report from the value of the investigation of the criminal personality investigation system. The fourth section is in China. In the present stage of the publicity of the personality social investigation system, the personality investigation system should be perfected from the standard level. The investigation content of the personality investigation system should be closely related to whether it affects the responsibility ability and exclude the moral character which is not implicated in the criminal personality so as to prevent the rambling and futility of the personality investigation. Through the construction of the content of the extraterritorial personality investigation system, we can see that the personality investigation system is a huge social project. It is not accomplished by the independent subject of the judicial organs, nor is a criminal law that can be solved by a law. It needs psychology, education and other disciplines to support, and more needs the association of other subjects of society. The fourth chapter: the application of the criminal personality in the conviction; in the four elements of the criminal constitution of our country, the criminal responsibility is internalized in the subjective and subjective elements through the objective aspects of the behavior. Therefore, the rationalization of the imputation of the perpetrator, that is, the rationalization of the convictions of the perpetrator. The concept of conviction should be comprehensive in this regard. On the basis of the basic principles of criminal law, the judicial organ, on the basis of the basic principles of criminal law, based on the harmfulness of the objective behavior and the degree of the crime manifested by the subjective criminal personality, determines whether the behavior is constitutive of the crime and the activity of the crime. The realization of the rationalization path of the imputation of the actor is to reflect or prove by relying on the criminal personality. The criminal responsibility based on the criminal responsibility, the criminal personality is the factual aspect of the crime, the criminal personality is the factual side of the crime, it is the subjective element, the entity content and the proof factor of the main elements. The criminal personality through the influence of the responsibility, the ability to recognize and the will ability, and then through the subject of crime and the criminal owner. The criminal personality not only affects the crime but also affects the crime, but in the case of the serious crime of criminal personality, we should strictly follow the theory of normative responsibility. That is, only under the precondition of the convictions type or the type of aggravated liability can be used as the appropriate use. In order to aggravate the punishment, the criminal personality divorced from the standard category should not be considered as the factor of the fact of conviction. The fifth chapter: the use of criminal personality in sentencing; sentencing should be taken as the beginning of the comprehensive measurement of punishment, considering both the objective aspect of the behavior and the main view of the actor. The individualization of sentencing is the depth of the comprehensive measurement of sentencing. It is the way out that the sentencing of our country has not yet realized full and comprehensive realistic predicament. In the narrow sense, the individualization of sentencing mainly embodies the subjective aspect of the person missing in the comprehensive measurement of punishment. It is the concretion of the personal danger. The personal dangerousness is highlighted by the degree of crime and other policy content, because of the existence of personal danger. The contents of the abstract nature, fuzziness and the personal danger at the present stage should be centered on the degree of the crime and the content of the policy standard. For the facts that can affect the degree of the crime, that is, the subjective cognition or control, it should be applied as the discretionary circumstances of sentencing under the premise that the law is not clearly defined as the circumstances of the sentencing. In the practice of law, the discretionary plot, which often appears to affect the personal danger, should be taken as the legal plot in a timely manner. The development of criminal personality in sentencing should be the continuous expansion of the measures for the punishment, namely, the continuous innovation of the system of penalty connection to the protection of human rights under the premise of the basic punishment. It includes the development of security measures.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D924

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