我国刑法中的主观超过要素研究

发布时间：2018-05-23 12:26

本文选题：主观超过要素 + 概念真伪　；参考：《西南政法大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为大陆法系刑法理论舶来品的主观超过要素，在我国刑法理论中同样是有关犯罪构成的一个重要课题，选取我国刑法中的主观超过要素作为研究对象具有十分重要的理论意义和实践价值。就理论意义而言，尽管学界的通说仍然对主观超过要素概念为真持肯定的态度，但并未有学者对这一概念本身进行过评析，针对主观超过要素概念的真伪进行基础研究，能够为后续的深入研究积累素材、奠定基础；此外，通过对不同学说进行评析，进一步明确主观超过要素的内涵、外延和性质，也有益于该理论的进一步完善。就实践价值而言，主观超过要素在认定犯罪成立与否、确定犯罪完成形态、厘清罪名之间界限等方面都起到了不可或缺的作用，通过对我国现行《刑法》法条进行梳理，找出其中隐含的主观超过要素，可以更好地规范实践中具体罪名的认定标准；通过反思主观超过要素存在的不合理之处并提出应对之策，也有利于立法的进一步完善。我国关于主观超过要素的研究在不断深化，但主要是围绕目的犯展开的，针对主观超过要素进行的全面系统研究少之又少，因此，论文直接选取主观超过要素作为研究对象，并且对这一概念进行了前后拓展研究，不仅从根源上论证了主观超过要素在我国刑法理论中是一个真概念，而且对我国刑事立法中的主观超过要素规定进行了未来展望。全文近四万字，分四个部分对我国刑法理论以及刑事立法中的主观超过要素进行了论述。第一部分的主要内容是在反驳主观超过要素为伪概念的基础上论证这一概念在我国刑法中为真，同时阐明了这一概念的内涵及其在我国四要件犯罪构成中的地位。认为主观超过要素是伪概念的观点指出主观超过要素违背了主客观相统一原则，且不适应我国的犯罪构成体系。文章对此进行了一一反驳，认为主观超过要素不仅与主客观相统一原则契合，还与我国的犯罪构成体系兼容，因此是学术上的真概念。在我国的四要件犯罪构成体系中，主观超过要素应当是隶属于犯罪构成的主观要件，同时独立于故意，无需客观要素与之对应的一种选择性构成要件要素。第二部分的主要内容是根据超罪过性、超客观性和功能性这三个判断标准，对理论上可能属于主观超过要素的目的犯的目的、倾向犯的主观倾向、表现犯的内心过程和动机犯的动机进行分析，最后得出只有目的犯的一种——短缩的二行为犯中的目的属于主观超过要素的结论。第三部分的主要内容是在承袭理论分析的基础上，针对我国现行刑法展开立法考察，按照表述方式的不同，将立法中形似主观超过要素的规定分为“目的”、“意图”及其他三类，分别进行评析，得出只有部分犯罪属于短缩的二行为犯，其目的属于主观超过要素；另外，受贿类犯罪中有关“为他人谋取利益”、“为请托人谋取不正当利益”的内容在性质上也属于主观超过要素，但二者不是目的规定，，而应理解为一种承诺。第四部分首先对主观超过要素存在的不合理之处进行了分析，指出主观超过要素提前了犯罪既遂的时间点，有违罪责刑相适应原则，存在重刑主义之嫌；部分主观超过要素还存在不恰当地限缩犯罪圈的问题；另外，主观超过要素的内隐性会造成司法实践中证明困难和操作随意的双重困境，在其客观化后还可能导致罪名、罪数的认定混乱。正是因为存在这些弊端，文章结合了主观超过要素本身的可变更性，在不违背谦抑主义和罪责刑相适应原则的前提下，对我国刑法中的主观超过要素提出了修正建议，具体包括构成要件精简化和主观要素客观化这两种方案。虽然文章意图通过消解主观超过要素的做法解决理论和实践中存在的问题，但是这种做法并非一劳永逸，只有研究不辍，才能解决好不断涌现出的新问题。
[Abstract]:As the subjective excess factor of the theory of the criminal law in the civil law system, it is also an important subject in the criminal theory of our country. It is of great theoretical and practical value to select the subjective elements in the criminal law of our country as the object of study. The concept of surpassing the factor is true and affirmative, but no scholars have made an analysis of the concept itself. The basic research on the authenticity of the subjective more than the essence of the elements can accumulate the material for further research and lay the foundation. In addition, through the evaluation of different theories, we can further clarify the internal factors beyond the elements. Culvert, extension and nature are also beneficial to the further perfection of the theory. As far as practical value is concerned, the subjective exceeding factors have played an indispensable role in determining the establishment of a crime, determining the completion of the crime, and clarifying the boundary between the crimes. It can better standardize the standard of identifying specific charges in practice, and it is beneficial to further improve the legislation by reflecting on the unreasonable points of the subjective factors and putting forward the countermeasures. There are few comprehensive and systematic studies. Therefore, the thesis chooses the subjective factor as the research object, and carries out the research on this concept. It not only proves that the subjective excess factor is a true concept in the criminal law theory of our country, but also stipulates the subjective factors in the criminal legislation of our country. Look ahead.
The full text is nearly forty thousand words, and it is divided into four parts to discuss the subjective factors in criminal law theory and criminal legislation.
The main part of the first part is to demonstrate that the concept is true in the criminal law of our country on the basis of refutation of the subjective more than the elements as pseudo concepts. At the same time, the connotation of the concept and its status in the constitution of the four elements of crime in China are clarified. The principle of unity is not adapted to the criminal constitution system of our country. This article refute one by one. The article argues that the subjective excess is not only compatible with the principle of subjective and objective unity, but also compatible with the criminal constitution system of our country. Therefore, it is a true concept in the academic world. In the four elements of crime constitution system in China, the subjective more than the elements should be subordinate. The subjective elements of a crime constitute independent elements of intent, and there is no need for objective elements to correspond to a selective element.
The main content of the second part is based on the three criteria of super culpability, objectivity and function, the purpose of the purpose offender, which may be more subjective than the factor, the subjective tendency of the offender, the inner process of the crime and the motive of the motive, and the only one of the two lines of short contraction. The objective of a crime belongs to the conclusion that the subjective exceeds the essential factor.
The main content of the third part is on the basis of the analysis of the inheritance theory and the legislative investigation of the current criminal law in China. According to the differences in the way of expression, the provisions of the legislation are divided into "purpose", "intention" and the other three categories, respectively. Its purpose belongs to the subjective factor; in addition, the content of "seeking the benefit for others" in the bribery crime and the content of "seeking the trustee for the unjustifiable interests" also belong to the subjective factor in nature, but the two are not the goal stipulation, but should be understood as a kind of commitment.
The fourth part is the first part of the analysis of the unreasonableness of the existence of the subjective more than the elements, and points out that the subjective excess of the elements is in advance of the time point of the accomplishment of the crime, which is contrary to the principle of the adaptation to the criminal responsibility and the punishment, and the suspicion of the doctrine of heavy punishment. Recessive will cause the double predicament that the judicial practice is difficult to prove and the operation is arbitrary. After the objectification, it may lead to the confusing of the number of crimes and the number of crimes. It is because of the existence of these disadvantages that the article combines the changeable nature of the subjective more than the factor itself, and to the premise of the adaptation principle of modesty and guilt and punishment. The subjective exceeding factors in the law put forward the amendment proposals, including the two schemes, namely, the simplification of the constituent elements and the objectification of the subjective factors.
Although the article aims to solve the problems in theory and practice by eliminating the subjective factors, this approach is not once and for all, but only research will be done to solve the new problems that emerge.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924

【参考文献】