妨害公务罪中“依法执行职务”研究

发布时间：2018-06-21 20:13

本文选题：妨害公务罪 + 超个人法益　；参考：《南京师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：在刑法分则所有罪名中,对国家公共权力与公民个人权利之间的紧张关系表达最直接、最典型的就是妨害公务罪,这几乎是所有国家政权对公民反抗国家执法权的最彻底的否认,是用刑罚这种最严厉手段进行的干预、制止与惩戒。也正是基于此种原因,国家对妨害公务罪的适用天然带有一定的骄纵,妨害公务罪成为司法刑法学中约束刑事权力、践行刑事法治、保障行为人权利的第一焦点罪名,尤其在后起法制现代化国家,公共权力限制先天不足的场景中,如何合理地认定刑法典规定的“依法执行职务”这一构成要件要素的成立范围,就成为刑法解释活动面临的重大课题。基于此,本文首先提出妨害公务罪保护的法益是合法的公务活动,而不包括公务人员的人身法益。公务活动属于超个人法益,超个人法益的保护并非无条件,而是应当致力于个人法益的保护。个人是国家机关存在的前提,要防止超个人法益保护的变异,从解释学的角度,应当警惕刑法法条成为国家“利维坦”暴虐横行的工具。对于“依法执行职务”的认定应当基于个人与国家关系的角度,对国家机关公务活动的行使及其对公民个人权利的干涉持一种克制态度,一旦公务行为欠缺合法性,则那些基于宪法的公民批评、建议、举报权等基本权利行使的行为甚至法律上正当防卫的公民行为均应当绝对地禁止入罪。其次,妨害公务罪中的“职务”应当限定为我国的国家立法机关、行政机关、司法机关以及事业单位、红十字会组织中正式编制人员执行的具有强制性公权力的事务;而且,妨害公务罪保护的是公务的顺利执行,公务相对人对抗的是正在执行的职务,因而不能忽视本罪的主体即公务相对人的合法权利,不能为了保障公务执行而无限扩大公务“执行之际”的范围。最后,对“依法执行职务”的成立范围应当进行合理圈定,符合特定的逻辑结构:首先应当具有执行公务所对应的前提事实,即法定条件,在此基础之上,国家机关工作人员必须具备法律赋予的特定权限,针对公务相对人以法定方式在法定程序下执行。
[Abstract]:Among all the charges in the special provisions of the criminal law, the most direct expression of the tension between the public power of the state and the individual rights of citizens is the crime of obstruction of official duties. This is the most complete denial of citizens' resistance to state law enforcement by almost all state regimes, and the intervention, suppression and punishment by the most severe means of punishment. It is precisely for this reason that the application of the crime of obstruction of official duties by the state naturally has a certain degree of arrogance, and the crime of obstruction of official duties has become the first focus crime in the judicial criminal jurisprudence to restrain the criminal power, to practice the criminal law, and to protect the rights of the doer. Especially in the background of the modernization of the legal system and the limitation of public power, how to reasonably determine the scope of the essential elements of "performing duties according to law", which is stipulated in the Criminal Code, It has become an important subject of criminal law interpretation. Based on this, this paper first puts forward that the legal interests of the protection of the crime of obstruction of official duties are lawful public activities, not including the personal legal interests of public servants. The protection of superpersonal legal interests is not unconditional, but should be devoted to the protection of individual legal interests. The individual is the premise of the existence of state organs. In order to prevent the variation of the protection of super-individual legal interests, we should guard against the fact that the criminal law has become a tool of tyranny of the state "Leviathan" from the angle of hermeneutics. The recognition of "performing duties according to law" should be based on the angle of the relationship between the individual and the state, and should hold a restrained attitude towards the exercise of the official activities of state organs and their interference with the individual rights of citizens. Those civil criticism based on constitution, suggestion, right to report and other basic rights of the exercise of civil conduct or even legal self-defense should be absolutely prohibited from incriminating. Secondly, the "position" in the crime of hindering public affairs should be limited to the affairs with compulsory public power executed by the official staff in the national legislative organs, administrative organs, judicial organs, public institutions and Red Cross societies. The crime of obstructing public affairs protects the smooth execution of official duties, and the public counterpart confronts the duties being performed, so the subject of the crime, that is, the legitimate rights of the public counterpart, cannot be ignored. In order to ensure the performance of official duties, the scope of official "execution" should not be expanded indefinitely. Finally, the scope of the establishment of "performing duties according to law" should be rationally delineated, in line with a specific logical structure: first of all, there should be the prerequisite facts corresponding to the performance of official duties, that is, legal conditions, on the basis of which, The state functionary must have the specific authority conferred by law and execute under the legal procedure in the legal manner for the public counterpart.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.3

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