不能犯未遂问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-26 03:39

本文选题：不能犯未遂 + 危险　；参考：《河北大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：不能犯未遂是一个兼具历史性与现代性的研究课题，自19世纪费尔巴哈初次提出之后一直备受各国刑法学界的关注。在属于大陆法系的德国，虽然在理论上提出了许多学说，但主流理论和立法上在主观说与客观说之间进行了折中。在日本，刑法典虽然没有明文规定不能犯问题，但刑法理论和司法实践普遍认同不能犯未遂的概念，同时认为不能犯未遂不具有可罚性。而且，在判断是否具有危险的标准上，通说坚持的是具体的危险说。在属于英美法系的英国，由于特别重视刑罚的犯罪预防功能，所以在不能犯未遂的问题上立法和刑法理论都采取了主观说。美国的情况亦大致如此。我国传统刑法理论认为不能犯未遂属于未遂犯的一种，行为具有现实危险性，是一种可罚的行为；而且，在危险的判断上，采取抽象危险说。近年来，有学者提出了具体危险说；与此同时，客观的未遂犯论已成为有力的学说，但在内部存在行为无价值论与结果无价值论的分歧。对于未遂犯中“危险”，大致有三种基本认识，即行为引起结果的可能性、包括人的主观因素在内的行为导致结果的可能性和犯意与社会危害性之间的可能性。从学派的视角来看，未遂犯的“危险”曾经存在行为人的危险与行为的危险之争。行为人的危险，是指行为人性格的危险性或者其自身的危险性，这种危险为包括未遂犯在内的一切犯罪提供了处罚根据，其结果是难以区分未遂犯与既遂犯。行为的危险是行为人刑法理论中处罚包括未遂犯在内的危险犯的理论根据，依据行为是否包含结果可分为作为行为属性的危险和和作为结果的危险。作为行为属性的危险不仅难以区分未遂犯和预备犯，而且会无形地扩大未遂犯的处罚，因而坚持作为结果的危险较为适宜。不能犯未遂，是指行为人实施的行为在形式上不可能达到既遂，但由于其行为已经具备了社会危害性，因而应受到刑罚处罚的情形。成立不能犯未遂，须具备两个要件：一是已着手实施犯罪，二是犯罪不可能得逞。其中，应当以犯罪目的作为“不可能得逞”的判断标准。各国关于不能犯未遂的处罚原则主要有不减主义、必减主义和得减主义三种。我国刑法没有明确规定不能犯未遂的处罚原则，在理论上应当依据不能犯未遂在社会危害性上轻于普通未遂的实际情况来确立处罚原则，而且在立法上应当采取一般规定与特殊规定相结合的立法模式，把不能犯未遂及其处罚原则规定下来。刑法理论一般认为，不能犯包括对象不能犯、手段不能犯和主体不能犯。因而不能犯未遂的理论应当在对象不能犯、手段不能犯和主体不能犯中得以具体展开。在对象不能犯中，如果犯罪对象根本不可能存在，则属于绝对的不能犯，不构成犯罪；如果犯罪对象存在，只是不在行为指向的具体范围内，则应当成立不能犯未遂。在手段不能犯中，，如果行为人所意欲实施的手段根本不可能导致结果发生的，则属于绝对的不能犯，不成立犯罪；如果行为人意欲实施的手段完全可能导致结果的发生，但由于行为人基于认识错误而实际使用的手段不可能导致发生结果的，则属于不能犯未遂。主体不能犯是一个与真正身份犯相联系的一个问题，真正身份犯属于构成要件的内容。所以，行为人在缺乏特殊身份的情况下，无论如何都不能成为具有特殊身份才能构成的犯罪的主体，因而也不可能成立不能犯未遂。
[Abstract]:Unattempted offense is a subject of historical and modern research. Since Feuerbach first proposed it in nineteenth Century, it has attracted much attention from the criminal jurisprudence of various countries. In Germany, which belongs to the continental law system, although many theories have been put forward in theory, the mainstream theory and legislation have made a compromise between the subjective theory and the objective theory. Although the criminal code does not explicitly stipulate that it can not be a problem, the theory of criminal law and judicial practice generally agree with the concept of Unaccomplished Offense. At the same time, it is considered that the failure of attempted offense is not punishable. Moreover, in judging whether there is a standard of danger, it insists on the specific danger theory. In Britain which belongs to the Anglo American law system, special attention is paid to it. The crime prevention function of the penalty, so the legislation and the criminal theory of the criminal law have taken subjective theory on the problem of Unaccomplished Offense. The situation in the United States is also roughly the same. In recent years, some scholars have put forward the specific danger theory. At the same time, the objective theory of attempted offense has become a powerful theory, but there is a disagreement between the theory of value and the theory of value and value.
There are roughly three basic understandings about the "danger" in the attempted offense, that is, the possibility of causing the result, including the possibility of the result and the possibility of the social harmfulness. From the perspective of school, the danger and behavior of the attempted offender have been in danger and the danger of behavior. The perilous of the perpetrator refers to the perilous character of the perpetrator or its own danger, which provides the basis of punishment for all crimes, including attempted offenders. The result is that it is difficult to distinguish the attempted offender from the accomplished offender. The danger of the act is the theoretical root of the perpetrator's criminal theory, which punishes the dangerous offender, including attempted offense. According to it, according to whether the behavior contains the result, it can be divided into the danger and the risk of the result as the attribute of behavior. As the danger of the behavior attribute, it is difficult to distinguish not only the attempted and preparatory offense, but also the punishment of the attempted offender, so it is more appropriate to insist on the danger of the result.
Failure to commit an attempt means that the behavior of the actor is not possible in form, but because its behavior has already possessed social harmfulness, it should be punished by punishment. The establishment of an unaccomplished offense must have two important elements: first, the crime has been carried out and the two is impossible to succeed. For the judgment standard of "impossible success", there are three main principles on the punishment of Unaccomplished Offense in various countries, such as undiminished doctrine, reducing doctrine and reducing doctrine. The criminal law of our country does not clearly stipulate the principle of unaccomplished punishment. In theory, it should be based on the actual situation of the failure of the Unaccomplished Offense in the social danger to the ordinary attempt. The principle of punishment should be established, and legislation should be adopted in combination with general provisions and special provisions in legislation.
The theory of criminal law generally holds that the cannot offense can not be offended by the object, the means cannot be offended and the subject cannot be committed. Therefore, the theory that the failure can not be committed should be carried out concretely in the case that the object cannot be committed, the means cannot be offended and the subject cannot be committed. If the object cannot be committed, it is absolutely impossible if the object of the crime is impossible. Crime; if the object of a crime exists only within the specific scope of the direction of the act, an unaccomplished offense should be established. In the case of an uncommitted means, if the means that the perpetrator intends to carry out is impossible to lead to the result, it is absolutely impossible to commit, and does not commit a crime; if the means of the perpetrator is intended to be implemented completely, It can lead to the occurrence of the result, but because the means that the actor is based on the error of cognition can not lead to the result, it belongs to the Unaccomplished Offense. The subject cannot be a problem associated with the real identity crime, and the real identity criminal is the internal capacity of the constitutive elements. Therefore, the perpetrator is lacking in the situation of special identity. In any case, it can not become the subject of a crime with special status. Therefore, it is impossible to establish attempted offense.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D914

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