污染环境罪的理解与适用

发布时间：2018-07-05 18:04

本文选题：污染环境罪 + 重大环境污染事故罪　；参考：《华东政法大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：自我国改革开放以来，在经济高速发展的同时，也产生了比较严重的社会问题。今年大范围、长时间的雾霾天气以及地下水污染事件使得环境污染问题再次成为举国热议的沉重话题。日益严重的环境犯罪，给我国民众的生活带来极大的威胁，并严重动摇着我国社会可持续发展的根基。作为人类社会保护的最严厉和最后一道防线的刑法如何更好地介入环境保护领域，在预防和惩治环境犯罪方面发挥重要的作用，成为学界研究的一个重要课题。污染环境罪是涉环境犯罪的重要罪名之一，是在对重大环境污染事故罪进行修改的基础上产生的。2011年颁布的《刑法修正案（八）》第46条对重大环境污染事故罪做出修改，修改后的污染环境罪在犯罪构成方面较重大环境污染事故罪发生了非常大的变化，但仍存在不足之处。为严厉打击环境污染刑事案件，2013年6月18日，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理环境污染刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》，降低了污染环境罪入罪的门槛，细化并界定了相应的犯罪行为。《解释》的施行能否充分达到其预期效果，弥补污染环境罪刑法规定在司法适用中的缺陷，仍有待现实考察。在此背景下，笔者认为有必要进一步完善环境犯罪特别是污染环境罪的刑事立法，准确理解该罪的构成要件，全面了解、合理界定该罪，完善该罪的理论体系。本文分四部分展开对污染环境罪的研究。第一章是污染环境罪概述。该部分主要阐述了污染环境罪的立法沿革以及该罪的概念和特点。通过简要介绍污染环境罪近现代的立法状况，重点分三个时期陈述了新中国成立之后该罪的立法情况，进而引出污染环境罪具有危害后果严重性、渐进性和潜伏性，行政从属性和复杂性的特征。第二章是对污染环境罪客观要件的认定进行重点阐述和分析。本罪的“违反国家规定”的认定方面，笔者认为应严格遵循罪刑法定原则，以刑法第96条的规定为准则对“国家规定”的制定主体进行限定；危害行为的认定方面，笔者就行为对象的认定进行了分析界定；危害后果的认定方面，笔者在对“严重污染环境”标准进行分析的基础上，对本罪有关危险犯的争议进行了探讨，认为本罪不存在危险犯规定。第三章是对污染环境罪主观罪过疑难问题进行阐述和分析。首先对本罪主观上故意、过失之争进行辨证分析，笔者认定本罪主观方面为故意；然后根结到本罪的归责原则能否适用严格责任原则，在对严格责任原则的概念进行辨析的基础上，笔者认为本罪不应当引入严格责任，并详细阐述了否定的原因。第四章是分析了污染环境罪的立法缺陷，并在此基础上提出完善建议。《解释》公布实施后，尽管有利于严密环境保护刑事法网，从严打击污染环境刑事案件，但并未实质改变污染环境罪设置上的不足，仍存在以下问题：单一罪名无法涵盖所有犯罪类型，缺乏危险犯的设置，只惩罚故意犯罪，刑罚种类单一且刑罚较轻等问题。针对这些问题，笔者从协调和保护人类法益和环境法益的价值理念出发，，强调加强刑法预防环境污染犯罪的功能，并在比较分析两大法系主要国家相关立法的基础上，从犯罪构成与刑罚体系两个方面提出我国污染环境罪的完善建议。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up of China, a serious social problem has been produced at the same time of rapid economic development. This year, the long period of fog and haze weather and the pollution of groundwater have made the environmental pollution a heavy topic in the country. The increasingly serious environmental crime has brought great life to the people of our country. Threats and seriously shaken the foundation of the sustainable development of our society. As the harshest and last line of defense of human social protection, how to better intervene in the field of environmental protection and play an important role in preventing and punishing environmental crime has become an important subject in the study field.
The crime of polluting the environment is one of the most important crimes involving environmental crime. It has been revised on the basis of the revision of the crime of major environmental pollution accidents. The amendment to the criminal law amendment (eight), which was promulgated in.2011 years, has been amended. The crime of environmental pollution caused by the amendment of the crime of pollution in the constitution of the crime is more serious than the crime of environmental pollution. In order to crack down on the criminal cases of environmental pollution, the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate in June 18, 2013, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, "the interpretation of several issues concerning the application of the law to the criminal cases of environmental pollution, reduced the threshold of the crime of polluting the environment, refine and define the corresponding crime." In this context, the author believes that it is necessary to further improve the criminal legislation of the crime of environmental crime, especially the crime of polluting the environment, to understand the constitutive requirements of the crime, and to fully understand and rationally define it. Crime, perfect the theoretical system of the crime. This article is divided into four parts to study the crime of polluting the environment.
The first chapter is an overview of the crime of polluting the environment. This part mainly expounds the legislative evolution of the crime of polluting the environment and the concept and characteristics of the crime. Through a brief introduction to the legislative situation of the crime of pollution of the environment, the legislative situation of the crime after the founding of the new China is stated in three periods, and then it leads to the serious consequences of the crime of polluting the environment. The characteristics of administrative attribute and complexity are heavy, progressive and latent.
The second chapter focuses on the identification and analysis of the objective elements of the crime of polluting the environment. The author thinks that the "violation of state regulations" in this crime should be strictly followed by the principle of legality and the ninety-sixth provisions of the criminal law shall be defined as the subject of the formulation of the "State regulations"; the author is the author of the identification of the harm behavior. The cognizance of the object of the act is analyzed and defined; on the basis of the analysis of the standard of "serious pollution of the environment", the author discusses the dispute about the crime of the crime, and thinks that the crime does not exist in the provisions of the dangerous crime.
The third chapter is to expound and analyze the problem of the subjective crime of the crime of polluting the environment. First, the subjective intention of the crime and the dispute of negligence are analyzed dialectically. The author holds that the subjective aspect of the crime is intentional; and then the principle of strict liability can be applied to the principle of the imputation of the crime, and the basis of the principle of strict liability is identified. On the basis of it, the author believes that this crime should not introduce strict liability and explain the reasons for the negation in detail.
The fourth chapter is to analyze the legislative defects of the crime of polluting the environment, and put forward some suggestions on the basis of this. < explanation >, after the promulgation and implementation, although it is beneficial to the strict environmental protection criminal law network and strictly combat the criminal cases of the pollution of the environment, it does not substantially change the lack of the crime of polluting the environment, and there are still the following problems: a single crime can not be covered. All types of crime, the lack of dangerous crime setting, only the punishment of intentional crime, the type of penalty is single and the penalty is lighter. In view of these problems, the author, starting from the value concept of coordinating and protecting human legal interest and environmental legal benefit, emphasizes the function of strengthening the criminal law to prevent the crime of environmental pollution, and compares and analyzes the main countries of the two legal systems. On the basis of legislation, the article puts forward suggestions for perfecting the crime of polluting the environment from two aspects: the constitution of crime and the system of punishment.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

【参考文献】