见危不救行为不宜入罪的刑法学思考

发布时间：2018-07-07 20:56

本文选题：见危不救 + 不作为　；参考：《华东政法大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：近些年来，见危不救行为在中国时有发生。各种有关见危不救事件的报道也是屡见报端，不断冲击民众和社会的道德底线。很多人把这种情况归咎于道德调整见危不救行为的效果不佳，遂将视线转移到法律手段，希望通过法律来更好地规制见危不救行为。学界诸位专家、学者纷纷思考该如何解决这一问题。究竟是否需要将见危不救行为作犯罪化处理，这是存在很多争议的。综合多方面的考虑，笔者认为将见危不救行为纳入犯罪的做法不仅存在很多理论基础上的缺陷，而且考虑到我国国情以及法治发展现状的考虑，在我国实施见危不救行为犯罪化甚不现实，一旦实施必将面临实践操作多方面的重重困难。本文主要从几个方面来分析见危不救行为的界定以及其入罪化处理的不合理之处。第一部分，笔者在综合众多有关见危不救行为定义的观点之后，分析各种观点的争议焦点所在，确认见危不救行为的各个构成要件的具体内容及其意义，提出了“见危不救”的新定义。这个定义在文字叙述上相对简洁但是构成要件完整，并且能为社会大众所认同的。笔者将见危不救行为定义为：无特定义务的行为人，在他人处于危难之时，能够救助而不予以救助，最终导致危害结果发生的行为。第二部分，笔者依次从道德义务与法律义务的关系、刑法谦抑性以及当前司法实践中是如何处理见危不救行为的来否定见危不救入罪的可能性与可行性。首先，见危不救行为的救助行为仅是单纯的道德义务，，并非法律义务，也不会轻易转化为法律义务；其次，刑法谦抑性要求刑法谦卑退让，刑法不应过多干预社会生活，对于见危不救行为的调整不应当由刑法来介入；最后，司法实践中并没有将见危不救行为认定为是一种犯罪行为，只是针对具有特定义务人的见危不救行为作为不作为犯罪来进行定罪量刑，而此种特殊身份主体的见危不救行为不在本文讨论范围之内。第三部分，笔者详细分析了见危不救犯罪化更深层次的不合理之处，包括从人性本身的特性、道德与法律的关系、刑法理论基础上的缺陷、设想见危不救行为入罪之后司法实践可能出现的新问题、是否需要借鉴学习外国法或是继承中国古代近代法律五个方面展开进行详述。从人性本身的特性来说，通过多学科佐证利己、趋利避害为人之本性，见危不救实属人性使然，不应过分苛责。从道德与法律的关系来说，见危不救行为的出现更多体现的是道德层面出现了问题，与法律并无太大联系。从刑法学理论来说，通过社会危害性、不作为方面的学说论证见危不救行为不应犯罪化。从司法实践可能出现的新问题来说，一旦犯罪化处理将会给司法实践带来更多隐忧。最后，通过与外国法与中国古代近代法律的比较，得出我国不应当引入也不应当“继承”“见危不救罪”。第四部分，笔者探讨的是如何很好地规制见危不救行为。笔者认为应当通过社会多元化的调整手段来更为合理地规制见危不救行为，而不是诉诸刑法手段。一方面通过反向机制鼓励奖励见义勇为、见危救助的行为，建立健全见义勇为、见危救助者的权益保障制度；另一方面就要加强道德教育、道德宣传等方面的工作，提高公民的道德素养，从思想意识上遏止见危不救行为的产生。
[Abstract]:In recent years, unrescue practices have occurred in China. Reports of unrescued incidents are also repeated, and the moral bottom line of the people and society is constantly impacted. Many people blame this situation on the bad effect of moral adjustment, which turns the sight to legal means and hopes to be better by law. There are many controversies on how to deal with this problem.
Considering the comprehensive and multifaceted consideration, the author thinks that there are many defects on the basis of theory, but in consideration of the situation of our country and the current situation of the rule of law, it is unrealistic to carry out the crime of dangerous non rescue in our country, and once the practice will inevitably face many difficulties in practical operation. This article mainly from several aspects to analyze the definition of dangerous and unrescued behavior and its unreasonable handling of criminalization.
In the first part, after taking a multitudinous view of the definition of unrescuable behavior, the author analyzes the focus of disputes in various views, and confirms the specific content and significance of all the components of the unsaved behavior, and puts forward a new definition of "not to save the rescue". And it can be recognized by the public. The author defines the act of non salvation as the act of a person without a specific obligation, who is able to help and not be rescued when others are in danger.
The second part, from the relationship between the moral obligation and the legal obligation, the modesty of the criminal law and the current judicial practice, how to deal with the possibility and feasibility of dealing with the dangerous and non rescuing crime. First, the rescue behavior of the non rescue act is only a simple moral obligation, not the legal obligation, and it will not be easy. Secondly, the modesty of criminal law requires the humility of criminal law to surrender, and the criminal law should not interfere with social life too much. The adjustment of the non rescue act of danger should not be intervened by the criminal law. In the end, the judicial practice does not identify the act of danger and non rescue as a criminal act, but only against the danger of a specific obligor. As a crime of omission, rescue behavior is convicted and sentencing, and the dangerous act of such a special identity is not within the scope of this article.
In the third part, the author analyzes in detail the unreasonableness of the delinquency in danger, including the characteristics of human nature, the relationship between morality and the law, the defects on the basis of the criminal law theory, and the new problems that may arise in the judicial practice after the incrimination of dangerous and non rescue actions, whether it is necessary to learn from foreign law or to inherit China. From the characteristics of the ancient modern law, five aspects are described in detail. From the characteristics of the human nature itself, it is necessary to prove the egoism by multidisciplinary, and to seek benefits and avoid harm as human nature. There is no great connection between law and law. From the theory of criminal law, through the theory of social harmfulness and inaction, the behavior of danger and non rescue should not be criminalization. From the new problems that may arise in the judicial practice, the criminal treatment will bring more hidden worries to the judicial practice. Finally, through the comparison with the foreign law and the ancient Chinese modern law. It is concluded that China should not introduce or inherit the crime of not being rescued.
In the fourth part, the author discusses how to regulate the act of danger and not rescuing. The author thinks that it should be more rationally regulated by the means of social diversification, rather than resort to criminal law. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen the work of moral education, moral propaganda and so on, to improve the moral quality of the citizens, and to prevent the emergence of the non rescuing behavior from the ideological consciousness.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924

【参考文献】