非法持有宣扬极端主义物品罪的构成要件

发布时间：2018-08-03 08:36

【摘要】：从当前为数不多的判例看,刑法第一百二十条之六新增的非法持有宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义物品罪的罪名性质尚不明朗。鉴于我国当前立法及已有判例对恐怖主义和极端主义采取的区分立场,非法持有宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义物品罪宜解释为选择性罪名。因此,司法实践中有必要区分宣扬恐怖主义和宣扬极端主义物品。对此应当根据罪刑法定原则以及相关司法解释,对非法持有宣扬极端主义物品罪的客观构成要件和主观构成要件进行教义学分析。非法持有宣扬极端主义物品的行为侵犯的法益为社会公共安全,即不特定或多数人的生命、身体的安全以及公众生活的平稳和安宁。以此区别于危害国家安全犯罪与妨害社会管理秩序犯罪。本罪的犯罪主体为一般主体。对非法持有行为的认定要求行为人对宣扬极端主义物品处于支配、控制状态,且具有不法性。其中,对网络服务提供者持有行为的认定需要在对网络服务提供者类型化的基础上分类讨论。持有的对象为宣扬极端主义物品,即以文字、图片、视频为载体和方式宣扬极端主义理念或行为的物品。对于物品的“宣扬极端主义性”的判断不仅要从效果上进行判断,还要坚持客观性和关联性的判断标准。具体来说,对物品“宣扬极端主义性”的判断分为两个阶段,第一个阶段以极端主义概念的三大核心要素,即价值理念的极端性、目的极端性和手段的暴力倾向性区分宣扬极端主义物品与普通物品;第二个阶段以恐怖主义区别于极端主义的独特特征区分物品的宣扬恐怖主义性与宣扬极端主义性。此外,信息时代下对电子信息“物品化”的判断会导致司法适用的差异。电子信息的“物品化”应以“易于显现并再现”为标准,将部分电子信息认定为“物品”,将特定电子信息纳入“物品”的具体类型。本罪作为持有型犯罪只能由故意构成,即明知是宣扬极端主义的物品而持有,包括直接故意和间接故意。其中,对于物品宣扬极端主义性明知的认定,要以行为人实施的客观行为为基础,结合其一贯表现,具体行为、程度、手段、事后态度以及年龄、认知和受教育程度、所从事的职业等综合认定。对网络服务提供者主观故意的认定,则要结合服务提供者的服务性质、盈利模式以及与用户之间是否存在犯意联络等方面进行认定。对“情节严重”的解释有助于有效界分宣扬极端主义行为的行政责任与刑事责任。具体包括:非法持有宣扬极端主义物品数量较大的;多次非法持有宣扬极端主义物品的;行为人具有恐怖主义、极端主义倾向的;因极端主义、恐怖主义行为受过行政或刑事处罚的;以传播为目的;以营利为目的;国家工作人员非法持有宣扬极端主义物品的;利用未成年人非法持有宣扬极端主义物品的;以暴力手段抗拒行政执法的;以“展示”的方式持有的;其他情节严重的行为。
[Abstract]:Judging from the current few cases, the nature of the crime of illegal possession and propaganda of terrorism and extremist goods added to Article 120 sexies of the Criminal Code is unclear. In view of China's current legislation and existing jurisprudence on terrorism and extremism, illegal possession and propaganda of terrorism, the crime of extremist goods should be interpreted as a selective crime. Therefore, in judicial practice, it is necessary to distinguish between the propaganda of terrorism and the promotion of extremist goods. According to the principle of legally prescribed punishment for a crime and the relevant judicial interpretation, the objective and subjective constitutive elements of the crime of illegal possession and propaganda of extremist goods should be analyzed by dogmatics. Illegal possession of extremist goods infringes on the social public safety, that is, the life of independent or majority people, the safety of the body, and the stability and tranquility of public life. In this way, it is distinguished from crimes against national security and crimes against social management order. The subject of the crime is the general subject. The identification of illegal possession requires the perpetrator to dominate, control and be illegal to propagate extremist goods. Among them, the identification of the holding behavior of network service providers needs to be classified and discussed on the basis of the classification of network service providers. The object is to promote extremist objects, that is, words, pictures, videos as carriers and ways to promote extremist ideas or acts. The judgment of "propagating extremism" should not only be judged from effect, but also adhere to the criterion of objectivity and relevance. Specifically, the judgment of "propagating extremism" is divided into two stages. The first stage is based on the three core elements of the concept of extremism, namely, the extreme nature of the concept of value. Aim the extreme and violent tendency of means distinguishes between the propaganda of extremist goods and ordinary goods; the second stage distinguishes between the propaganda of terrorism and the spread of extremism by the unique characteristics of terrorism and extremism. In addition, the judgment of electronic information "materialization" in the information age will lead to the difference of judicial application. The "objectification" of electronic information should be based on the criterion of "easy to manifest and reproduce", and some electronic information should be regarded as "objects", and specific electronic information should be brought into the specific types of "articles". As a possession crime, this crime can only be constituted by intent, that is, knowing that it is an object that propagates extremism, including direct intent and indirect intent. Among them, the identification of articles propagating extremist knowledge should be based on the objective behavior carried out by the perpetrator, combined with its consistent performance, concrete behavior, degree, means, afterwards attitude, age, cognition and educational level, The occupation and so on engaged in the comprehensive recognition. The subjective and intentional identification of the network service provider should be combined with the service nature of the service provider, the profit model and whether there is a criminal connection between the service provider and the user. The interpretation of "seriousness" helps to distinguish between administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility for propagating extremist acts. Specific include: illegal possession of extremist goods in a relatively large number; illegal possession of extremist goods for many times; perpetrators with terrorist and extremist tendencies; and extremism as a result of extremism, Having been subjected to administrative or criminal punishment for terrorist acts; for the purpose of dissemination; for the purpose of profit; for the illegal possession of extremist goods by State functionaries; or for the use of minors to illegally hold and propagate extremist goods; Resisting administrative law enforcement by violent means; held in a "show" manner; other serious acts.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.3

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