毒品犯罪若干争议问题的分析与认定

发布时间：2018-08-14 19:09

【摘要】：目前，毒品犯罪形势愈加严峻，各国一直深受其肆虐的戕害。自20世纪末以来，毒品犯罪案件在我国频频高发，颇有愈演愈烈之势。基于此，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院以及公安部三大机关相继出台与颁布了一连串规范性文件来规制此类犯罪，对其在适用法律的过程中争议较多的一些问题做了原则性的阐述与说明。然而，这并没有从根本上解决问题，随着毒品犯罪形式的多样化以及隐蔽化，加之新型毒品种类的不断涌现，毒品犯罪案件在实践中总是会存在这样或者那让的认定困境，最终很难得出真正令人满意的结果。本文从刑法理论中有关于毒品犯罪的基础概念入手，运用刑法解释学的相关理论，结合现今司法实践中所存在的严峻局面，展开对于毒品犯罪若干争议性问题的综合研究与分析。本文除引语外共计分为四大部分，全文大约三万字。首先，对于毒品犯罪的基础性理论进行概述。从理论界学者对于毒品犯罪的不同界定以及其国际上的定义来看，毒品犯罪应以事实上的概念为基础，同时要反映出刑事犯罪的本质特征即具备刑事违法性和应受刑罚处罚性。以此为前提，在笔者看来，我国的毒品犯罪是指违反国家有关禁毒的管理法规，以相关毒品或者与毒品有关的人或财物为犯罪对象所从事的严重危害社会管理秩序和公民身心健康的，应受刑罚处罚的行为，上述行为还包括但不限于与毒品有关的预备行为以及其他相关联的危害行为。此外，本部分还就当前毒品犯罪的总体特点进行了分析，为下文争议问题的提出做了铺垫。其次，详细地阐述了如何分析与认定毒品犯罪中行为人的主观故意。毒品犯罪作为故意犯罪的一种，毫无疑问其主观故意既包括直接故意也包含间接故意。具体而言，主要是指行为人对于其行为所针对的客体即毒品的明知，欠缺了这一要件，不具有成立本类罪的可能性。而对于毒品犯罪中行为人主观故意的认定，在司法实践中还存在着很多的困境与疑点，本部分则从主观故意的涵盖范围入手，通过对产生认定难点的原因分析，同时运用刑法解释中文理解释的方法，对于三大机关出台的相关解释性文件进行解读，从而归纳出认定的技巧与路径。再次，明确了毒品数量对毒品犯罪定罪量刑的影响。涉案的毒品数量在毒品犯罪的定罪量刑中扮演着举足轻重的角色。本部分以我国现行法律及相关司法解释对于毒品数量的有关规定为基础，进而分析毒品数量对于毒品犯罪的影响，数量的多少究竟是罪与非罪的临界点还是仅仅对量刑的幅度产生作用。最后是对于已经确定数量的毒品是否有必要进行纯度的鉴定进行分析，主要从三类比较特殊的案件类型入手，，同样发现虽然纯度无法对定罪产生影响，但是对于刑罚的轻重而言具有无法忽视的作用，其中需要对可能判处行为人死刑的情形更应当小心与谨慎，坚决进行纯度的鉴定。最后，比较分析了非法持有毒品罪的分析以及与运输毒品罪。非法持有毒品罪在处刑上虽然较轻，但其作为毒品犯罪的堵截性规定在我国打击毒品犯罪的战役中发挥着重大的作用。本部分首先从非法持有毒品罪的涵义入手，先理清本罪的涵盖范围与考察角度，再与理论界一直争议比较多的运输毒品罪进行辨析比较，从主观与客观同时出发，在辨析的过程中发现二者的不同之处，可以有效地提高司法机关禁毒工作的整体效率。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the 20th century, drug-related crimes have occurred frequently in China, and become more and more serious. Based on this, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security have issued a series of normative documents to regulate the situation. However, this does not fundamentally solve the problem. With the diversification and concealment of drug crime forms, coupled with the emergence of new types of drugs, drug crimes always exist in practice or This article starts with the basic concept of drug-related crimes in criminal law theory, applies the relevant theories of criminal law interpretation, and combines the severe situation in judicial practice to launch a comprehensive study and analysis of several controversial issues about drug-related crimes. In addition to the quotation, the text is divided into four parts, and the whole text is about thirty thousand words.
Firstly, the basic theory of drug-related crimes is summarized. From the different definitions of drug-related crimes and their international definitions, drug-related crimes should be based on the concept of fact, and reflect the essential characteristics of criminal crimes, that is, criminal illegality and punishment. In my opinion, drug-related crimes in China refer to acts that seriously endanger social management order and citizens'physical and mental health and are punishable in violation of the relevant national drug control regulations, and those who commit crimes against drugs or persons or property related to drugs. These acts also include, but are not limited to, pre-drug-related acts. In addition, this part also analyzes the general characteristics of current drug crimes, paving the way for the following controversial issues.
Secondly, it elaborates in detail how to analyze and identify the subjective intent of the perpetrator in drug-related crimes. As a kind of intentional crimes, drug-related crimes undoubtedly include both direct intent and indirect intent. There are still many difficulties and doubts in the judicial practice for the determination of the subjective intent of the perpetrator in drug crimes. This part starts with the scope of subjective intent, analyzes the reasons for the difficulties and uses the method of interpreting the criminal law in Chinese. This paper interprets the explanatory documents issued by the three major organs, and sums up the skills and paths of identification.
Thirdly, it clarifies the influence of the quantity of drugs on the conviction and sentencing of drug-related crimes. The quantity of drugs involved plays an important role in the conviction and sentencing of drug-related crimes. Finally, it analyzes whether it is necessary to appraise the purity of a certain number of drugs, mainly starting with three types of relatively special cases, and finds that although purity can not affect conviction, it has no effect on punishment. In terms of severity, it can not be neglected. It is necessary to be more cautious and prudent in judging the purity of the case in which the perpetrator may be sentenced to death.
Finally, the author compares and analyzes the analysis of the crime of illegal possession of drugs and the crime of transporting drugs. Although the crime of illegal possession of drugs is relatively light in punishment, it plays an important role in the campaign of combating drug crimes in our country as an interceptive regulation of drug crimes. From the angle of coverage and investigation, and comparing with the crime of transporting drugs which has been controversial in the theoretical circles, we can find the differences between them in the process of discrimination from both subjective and objective aspects, which can effectively improve the overall efficiency of drug control work of judicial organs.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

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