从业禁止的理解与适用

发布时间：2018-08-29 16:13

【摘要】：当前,经济的快速发展与科学技术的日新月异带动了社会结构的深刻变革,其在带给人们巨大物质财富的同时,也引发了一系列的社会问题。作为社会的一面镜子,刑法既要反映社会的真实面貌,又要对现实需要作出回应。面对纷繁复杂的犯罪类型,考虑到罪行轻重程度、人身危险性的差异性,单纯的以刑罚措施作为惩治犯罪的工具难以实现法律效果与社会效果的统一。因此,可以从立法的高度增加有关非刑罚措施的规定,进而发挥其在预防犯罪、维护社会秩序方面的积极作用。《刑法修正案(九)》开宗明义的对从业禁止作出了明确规定,首次将其纳入我国的刑法体系,同时也标志着我国正式确立了从业禁止制度。作为一种典型的非刑罚处罚措施,从业禁止是指行为人利用职业便利或违背职业要求的特定义务实施犯罪行为的,人民法院可作出禁止其在一定期限内从事相关职业的决定。通过这种设置,一方面有利于实现防卫社会、预防职务犯罪的目的;另一方面也是对我国刑法制裁模式的丰富和发展,促进了刑事司法制度的改革与创新。然而,作为一项新的措施和规定,由于缺乏相应的司法解释和审判经验,对于其如何定性、如何理解与适用等问题,理论学界与司法实务界尚未定论。基于此,本文以理论与实践相结合的方法,首先对从业禁止制度的基础理论问题进行了厘清,明确了其法律性质,并在此基础上介绍了从业禁止的适用原则、一般要件、适用主体以及违反从业禁止所要承担的法律后果等内容,最后对从业禁止适用方法的完善进行了具体的制度设计。笔者认为,我国刑法中所规定的从业禁止,其性质既不是刑罚,也不属于资格刑的范畴,而是保安处分措施的一种。从业禁止的适用要遵循合目的性原则、适当性原则和科学性原则,并且满足行为人具有人身危险性、行为人的行为构成犯罪并被判处刑罚、行为人的犯罪行为与其事实上从事的职业有内在联系这三个前提条件。人身危险性是整个从业禁止研究的核心,只有对行为人再犯的人身危险性进行科学的预测,才能使从业禁止发挥其应有的法律效果。具体而言,预测就要在科学性原则的指导下,利用社会调查所获得关于行为人的资料对犯罪分子的人身危险性进行评估。综上所述,本文在介绍从业禁止基础理论的同时,重点对如何适用以及如何执行从业禁止的问题进行了初步探讨,以期对司法实务有所裨益。
[Abstract]:At present, the rapid development of economy and the rapid development of science and technology have brought about profound changes in social structure, which not only bring people enormous material wealth, but also lead to a series of social problems. As a mirror of society, criminal law should not only reflect the real face of society, but also respond to the needs of reality. In the face of various and complicated types of crimes, considering the degree of seriousness of the crime and the difference of personal dangerousness, it is difficult to achieve the unity of legal effect and social effect by simply using penalty measures as a tool to punish crimes. Therefore, the provisions on non-penal measures can be added from the height of legislation to give play to their positive role in preventing crime and maintaining social order. [9] the Criminal Law Amendment (9) clearly stipulates the prohibition of employment at the beginning. It is the first time to bring it into the criminal law system of our country, and it also marks the formal establishment of the prohibition system of employment in our country. As a typical non-penalty measure, the practice prohibition refers to the person who uses the occupation convenience or violates the occupation request to carry out the crime, and the people's court may make the decision to prohibit him from engaging in the relevant profession within a certain period of time. Through this arrangement, on the one hand, it is advantageous to realize the purpose of defending society and preventing duty crime; on the other hand, it is the enrichment and development of punishment mode of criminal law in our country, which promotes the reform and innovation of criminal justice system. However, as a new measure and regulation, due to the lack of corresponding judicial interpretation and trial experience, the theoretical and judicial practice has not yet come to a conclusion as to how to characterize, how to understand and apply it. Based on this, this paper, by combining theory with practice, firstly clarifies the basic theoretical issues of the prohibition system, clarifies its legal nature, and on this basis introduces the applicable principles and general requirements of the prohibition of employment. The main body of application and the legal consequences of violating the prohibition of employment, etc. Finally, the system design of the perfection of the method of practice prohibition is carried out. The author believes that the nature of the prohibition of employment stipulated in our criminal law is neither a penalty nor a category of qualification punishment, but a kind of security measure. The application of the prohibition shall follow the principles of purpose, appropriateness and scientificalness, and satisfy the personal danger of the perpetrator, and the behavior of the actor shall constitute a crime and be sentenced to punishment, The criminal behavior of the perpetrator is intrinsically related to the occupation he is actually engaged in. Personal dangerousness is the core of the whole study on the prohibition of employment. Only by scientifically predicting the personal danger of the perpetrator can the prohibition of practice bring into play its due legal effect. Specifically, under the guidance of the scientific principle, the prediction should evaluate the personal danger of the criminal by using the information about the perpetrator obtained from the social investigation. To sum up, this paper introduces the basic theory of the prohibition of employment, and focuses on how to apply and how to enforce the practice of prohibition, in order to be of benefit to the judicial practice.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.3

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