论我国短期自由刑的问题与完善

发布时间：2018-09-12 13:25

【摘要】：犯罪和刑罚历来是刑法学界的重要课题,从研究数量和成果来看,对犯罪学的研究远高于刑罚学,随着国际上刑罚的发展,人们开始由过去注重刑罚的惩罚报复目的,转为更多地思考刑罚的教育改造和预防犯罪的目的,更加注重刑罚执行的实际效果。作为启蒙运动引起的刑事司法改革成果之一,短期自由刑替代了中世纪残酷的生命刑和身体刑而崛起,是近代刑法史上具有历史意义的进步。短期自由刑是自由刑中的一种,也是人们质疑和争议最多的,自产生以来,其利弊和存废问题备受世界关注,而随着国际人权运动的迅速发展,刑罚的轻型化、社会化等新理念也不断出现,对短期自由刑问题的争论愈演愈烈。但发展至今,其定义界定、利弊存废之争始终处于刑事改革的最前沿。经过长达一个多世纪的争论后,学界中占多数的观点是:短期自由刑有其存在的价值,但同时也存在许多缺陷和问题。因此,占大多数的观点是:对短期自由刑采取不绝对否定与绝对肯定,而是在予以保留的基础上,对其进行改革或完善,最大限度发挥其应有的作用。从我国司法实践看,短期自由刑有着较长的历史,虽其自身存在许多先天性的缺陷和实际适用中发现的问题,但在我国刑罚体系和司法实践中发挥着重要的作用。我国刑法分则中有大量条文规定了三年以下有期徒刑和拘役的刑罚,轻微犯罪在刑事犯罪中占较大比重,这决定了短期自由刑在我国司法实践中必然会被比较频繁地适用,但正如国内外学者对短期自由刑的利弊和存废之争过程中提到的,短期自由刑存在许多弊端,在适用中也带来了不少问题。因此,短期自由刑作为刑罚由轻到重的重要过渡环节,在未能找到替代它的合适刑种之前,不宜将其废止,只能尽量减少和限制适用,同时,从现实情况看,我国的短期自由刑制度相比于国外,存在更多的落后之处,因而需要积极借鉴国外在短期自由刑完善中的先进做法,对我国的制度进行完善。鉴于以上背景,笔者以论我国短期自由刑的问题与完善为题,尝试对我国的短期自由刑制度进行完善提出建议。本文通过以短期自由刑的发展、价值、弊端为切入点,在充分研究短期自由刑利弊的基础上,论证该制度存在的正当性、必要性及合理性,同时发现其不足与缺陷,通过阐述我国短期自由刑存在的问题,在合理借鉴国外适用短期自由刑的先进经验的基础上,提出相应的改革和完善措施,以求最大限度发挥短期自由刑在我国刑罚体系中的作用。在研究方法上,本文主要运用了历史的和比较的研究方法,分析短期自由刑的基本问题。在内容和框架上,全文共分为以下四个部分:第一部分,短期自由刑的概述。先以短期自由刑的发展历程为切入,从古代短期自由刑的萌芽时期到近代短期自由刑的发展时期,再到现代短期自由刑的争议和改革时期,并介绍了“轻轻”刑事政策对短期自由刑的影响,通过其产生到发展繁荣的历程,了解短期自由刑的有关背景及理论基础。其次,通过对历史发展状况的考察,进一步提出对短期自由刑的具体概念的界定方法,同时也回答了关于短期自由刑的刑期标准等问题,阐述了短期自由刑的概念和价值。第三,总结了各国对短期自由刑利弊和存废问题的不同观点,着重阐述了肯定说、否定说及折中说三种观点,为下文进一步阐述奠定基础。第二部分,主要对我国短期自由刑的现状及存在的问题进行剖析。在第一部分的基础上,将目光转向短期自由刑在我国的立法现状及适用效果,同时,着重梳理了短期自由刑在我国存在的问题,主要有四个方面:一是预防犯罪效果不明显;二是罪犯交叉感染情况严重;三是我国对罪犯的改造手段有待改进;四是对短期自由刑服刑人员的后续影响等。第三部分,国外短期自由刑改革实践的考察与借鉴。在前文阐述的基础上,总结了短期自由刑改革的理论基础,并着重介绍了目前世界上对短期自由刑改革或完善的主要举措,并从中对不同改进措施进行总结、对比与分析,结合我国的国情,提出了能够为我国借鉴的经验,为文章最后一部分重点论述我国短期自由刑的完善建议奠定基础。第四部分,提出关于我国短期自由刑的完善建议。这是本文的重点,分别从原则与具体完善措施上提出几点建议。首先应明确短期自由刑的立法和实践上的基本原则;再从具体的完善型或易科型方面,对短期自由刑的执行程序、易科形式及其他问题加以完善:第一,完善短期自由刑的执行条件和方式;第二,建立短期自由刑的易科制度;第三,建立刑事犹豫制度;第四,对短期自由刑之拘役的具体改良措施;第五,扩大适用缓刑与假释的社区矫正;第六,建立短期自由刑的前科消灭制度。
[Abstract]:Crime and penalty have always been an important subject in the field of criminal law. Judging from the number and achievements of the study, the study of criminology is far higher than that of penology. With the development of international penalty, people begin to pay more attention to the purpose of punishment retribution in the past, to think more about the education and Reform of penalty and the purpose of crime prevention, and pay more attention to the execution of penalty. As one of the achievements of the criminal justice reform caused by the Enlightenment Movement, short-term Liberty Penalty has replaced the cruel life penalty and physical penalty in the Middle Ages and risen up, which is a historic progress in the history of modern criminal law. With the rapid development of the international human rights movement, new ideas such as the lightening of penalty and socialization have emerged, and the controversy over the issue of short-term free punishment has become increasingly fierce. After the controversy, the majority view in the academic circles is that the short-term Liberty Penalty has its own value, but there are also many defects and problems. Therefore, the majority view is that the short-term liberty penalty should not be absolutely denied and affirmed, but be reformed or perfected on the basis of reserving it, so as to maximize its due. From the judicial practice of our country, the short-term Liberty Penalty has a long history, although it has many congenital defects and problems found in practical application, but it plays an important role in our country's penalty system and judicial practice. Minor crimes account for a large proportion of criminal offences, which determines that short-term freedom penalty will be more frequently applied in our judicial practice, but as domestic and foreign scholars on the advantages and disadvantages of short-term freedom penalty and the process of disputes over the preservation and abolition mentioned, short-term freedom penalty has many drawbacks, also brought many problems in the application. As an important transitional link of penalty from light to heavy, the term of freedom penalty should not be abolished until it can not find a suitable kind of penalty to replace it. It can only be reduced and restricted to apply. At the same time, from the reality, compared with foreign countries, China's short-term freedom penalty system has more backwardness, so we need to actively learn from foreign countries in the short term. In view of the above background, the author tries to put forward some suggestions on the improvement of the short-term free punishment system in our country. This paper takes the development, value and disadvantages of the short-term free punishment as the breakthrough point to fully study the short-term free punishment. On the basis of advantages and disadvantages, this paper demonstrates the legitimacy, necessity and rationality of the system, and finds its shortcomings and defects. By expounding the existing problems of short-term free punishment in China and drawing on the advanced experience of foreign countries in applying short-term free punishment, this paper puts forward corresponding reform and improvement measures in order to maximize short-term freedom. In the research method, this paper mainly uses the historical and comparative research methods to analyze the basic problems of short-term free punishment. In the content and framework, the full text is divided into the following four parts: the first part, the summary of short-term free punishment. From the embryonic period of short-term Liberty Penalty to the development period of modern short-term liberty penalty, and then to the controversy and reform period of modern short-term liberty penalty, this paper introduces the influence of "light" criminal policy on short-term liberty penalty, and through the course from its emergence to development and prosperity, understands the relevant background and theoretical basis of short-term liberty penalty. The history of the development of the investigation, further put forward the definition of the specific concept of short-term freedom penalty, but also answered the standard of short-term freedom penalty and other issues, expounded the concept and value of short-term freedom penalty. The second part mainly analyzes the present situation and existing problems of short-term freedom penalty in our country. On the basis of the first part, the author turns his eyes to the present legislative situation and applicable effect of short-term freedom penalty in our country, and at the same time, focuses on combing short-term freedom penalty in our country. There are four main problems: first, the effect of crime prevention is not obvious; second, the cross-infection of criminals is serious; third, the reform means of criminals in China need to be improved; fourth, the follow-up effect of short-term free prisoners and so on. On the basis of summarizing the theoretical basis of short-term liberal punishment reform, and emphatically introduces the main measures of short-term liberal punishment reform or improvement in the world at present, and summarizes the different improvement measures, compares and analyzes them, combined with China's national conditions, puts forward the experience that can be used for reference in China, and focuses on discussing our country for the last part of the article. The fourth part puts forward some suggestions on the improvement of short-term free punishment in our country. This is the focus of this paper, and puts forward some suggestions from the principles and specific measures of improvement. The execution procedure of short-term liberty penalty, the form of conversion and other issues should be improved: first, to improve the conditions and methods of execution of short-term liberty penalty; second, to establish the system of conversion of short-term liberty penalty; third, to establish the criminal hesitation system; fourth, to improve the specific measures of detention of short-term liberty penalty; fifth, to expand the community applicable to probation and parole. Correction; sixth, establish a system of elimination of criminal record for short-term penalty.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D924.1

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