生态保护与修复视域下我国流域生态补偿制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 04:15

本文选题：流域生态补偿　切入点：生态保护与修复　出处：《吉林大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：2012年党的十八大报告明确指出大力推进生态文明建设，必须依靠制度保护生态环境；2014年4月修订的新《环境保护法》中明确提出建立健全生态保护补偿法律制度；党的十八届四中全会也再次重申要用严格的法律制度保护生态环境。因此，生态补偿法律制度的建构对推进我国生态文明法治化进程，加强生态环境保护具有重要的意义。流域生态保护与修复是恢复受损流域生态服务功能，促进人与自然和谐共处的关键环节。实践中，流域生态保护与修复过程中不同主体在水资源利用，水环境保护以及生物多样性保护等方面的利益关系较难平衡，难以实现流域生态保护目标。因此，解决流域生态保护与修复一直是一个难题。生态补偿作为一种新型的环境管理手段，以保护和可持续利用生态系统服务为目的，能够很好地协调生态环境保护中各种利益关系，缓解流域用水主体之间的矛盾，成为恢复和保护流域内生态环境的重要措施。依据我国流域生态环境及生态保护与修复的现况，我们应从生态需水保障、水环境保护、生境和生态敏感区保护、水生生物保护等方面进行流域水生态保护与修复，并依此需要来完善现有法律制度的建构。我国流域生态保护与修复过程中由于没有统一的生态补偿法律规范，导致了生态补偿标准不合理，对生态补偿实施情况的评价制度不规范及不健全等问题。因此，需要进一步完善流域生态保护与修复中的生态补偿法律制度，从而促进流域生态保护与修复高效运行。由于流域生态保护与修复具有较强的公共物品属性，，生态补偿制度实施过程中又涉及多方面利益，因此必须维护生态补偿过程中的利益关系平衡，保障利益分配相对均衡。所以，本文通过构建流域博弈模型，对生态补偿制度中补偿主体间的相互关系以及生态补偿因子进行了博弈分析。分析结构显示，制度缺失情形下，平等主体间生态补偿陷入“囚徒困境”，主体间横向转移支付对流域生态保护与修复处于无效状态。生态保护与修复主要与当事人成本收益相关，所以为高效促进流域生态保护与修复必须完善生态补偿法律制度的建构，应将国家纳入重要的生态补偿主体，提供更多的公共产品和生态服务。同时，还必须对国家、自然人、企事业单位、社会团体等生态补偿法律关系主体进行具体分析，从而解析流域生态补偿法律关系中货币补偿、实物补偿、政策补偿等客体，进而研究生态补偿法律关系的内容。强调完善的法律体系是流域生态补偿的前提，水权清晰界定是流域生态补偿的基础，补偿标准的确定是流域生态补偿的核心，政府与市场相辅相成是流域生态补偿的主要路径，区域合作机制是流域生态补偿的重要保障。因此，我们应从政府管理与协调，市场管理与协调两个方面建构生态补偿的管理与协调机制，分析流域修复与保护的生态补偿资金运作机制，从而健全生态保护与修复生态补偿资金使用制度，健全生态保护与修复生态补偿资金审计与监督管理制度，完善水资源使用权交易制度，健全生态产业项目公示评审与优先激励制度，并在此基础上建立生态补偿的长效机制。
[Abstract]:Eighteen report clearly pointed out that in 2012 the party to promote the construction of ecological civilization, we must rely on the system to protect the ecological environment; the new environmental protection law > < revised in April 2014 clearly put forward to establish and perfect the legal system of compensation for ecological protection; the fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee the party also reiterated the strict legal system to protect the ecological environment. Therefore, the legal system of ecological compensation the construction of ecological civilization of China to promote the process of rule of law, it has important significance to strengthen the protection of the ecological environment.
The protection and restoration of ecological restoration of damaged watershed ecosystem services is the key link, promote the harmonious coexistence between man and nature. In practice, the process of ecological protection and restoration in different subjects in water resources utilization, benefit relationship of water environment protection and biodiversity protection and other aspects of the more difficult to balance, it is difficult to achieve ecological protection objectives therefore, to solve the ecological protection and restoration is always a difficult problem. The ecological compensation as a new means of environmental management, the protection and sustainable use of ecosystem services for the purpose of good coordination between the various interests in the protection of the ecological environment, alleviate the contradiction between water body, has become an important measure of recovery and to protect the ecological environment of the basin.
According to the current situation of China's ecological environment and ecological protection and restoration, we should protect the ecological water demand, water environmental protection, protection of habitat and ecological sensitive area, aquatic biological protection for ecological protection and restoration of water basin, and it needs to improve the construction of the existing legal system of ecological compensation legal norms. Because there is no uniform China's river basin ecological protection and restoration process, which led to the ecological compensation standard is not reasonable, the implementation of ecological compensation evaluation system is not standardized and not perfect. Therefore, the need to further improve the basin ecological compensation legal system state protection and repair, so as to promote the ecological protection and restoration of efficient operation.
Because of the protection and restoration of watershed ecology has the attribute of public goods is strong, the implementation process of the ecological compensation system and involves many interests, must therefore interest balance maintenance in the process of ecological compensation, to protect the interests of a relatively balanced distribution. Therefore, this paper constructs the game model of the flow domain, the relationship between the compensation subject of ecological compensation system in the and the ecological compensation factor for the game analysis. Structural analysis showed that lack of system under the condition of equal subjects of ecological compensation in "prisoner's dilemma", subject to horizontal transfer payments between the protection and restoration of watershed ecology is in an invalid state. The ecological protection and restoration of the main parties and related costs and benefits, so as to promote the construction of effective protection and restoration of watershed ecology must perfect the legal system of ecological compensation, ecological compensation should be countries into the important subject, to provide more public Products and ecological services. At the same time, but also on the national, natural persons, enterprises and institutions, the subject of ecological compensation legal relationship of social groups to carry out specific analysis, and analysis of river basin ecological compensation legal relationship of monetary compensation in kind compensation, compensation, policy object, and then study the legal relationship of ecological compensation. Emphasize the perfect legal system is the premise of basin ecological compensation, water rights clear demarcation is the basis of ecological compensation, the determination of compensation standard is the core of ecological compensation, the government and the market complement each other is the main path of ecological compensation mechanism of regional cooperation is an important guarantee for ecological compensation.
Therefore, we should from the government management and coordination, the two aspects of market management and coordination of construction management and coordination mechanism of ecological compensation of watershed restoration and protection of the ecological compensation fund operation mechanism, so as to perfect the system of the use of ecological protection and restoration of ecological compensation funds, strengthen ecological protection and restoration of ecological compensation funds audit and supervision and management system. Improve the trading system the right to use water resources, improve the ecological industry priority project publicity evaluation and incentive system, and on this basis to establish a long-term mechanism of ecological compensation.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.68

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