中国人体器官移植的法律问题探究

发布时间：2018-04-18 22:07

本文选题：器官移植 + 死亡标准　；参考：《吉林大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：作为医学科技发展的重要突破，人体器官移植在救助终末期脏器衰竭患者之中展示出一枝独秀的风范，被誉为“21世纪医学之颠”。1954年，人类历史中出现了首例器官移植手术，移植技术经血管吻合技术、短期低温保存供体器官技术、应用免疫抑制剂药物控制排疫反应三次重大革新后被广泛用于临床治疗之中，让诸多患者因此重见生命之光。中国道家经典著作《列子》中描述了扁鹊换心的传奇故事，这体现出华夏民族早已开始了对人体器官移植技术的探索。器官移植在中国的开展要晚于世界一些科技领先国家，但在我国医疗科学家的不懈努力之下，此项技术获得快速发展并处于世界先进水平。人体器官移植技术在中国具有起步较晚、发展迅速、需求量大的特点，而中国规制此方面的法律制度尚存缺陷，严重阻碍了移植技术的进步。自1982年7月，中国关于移植领域的首部法律制度—《眼角膜移植条例》的颁布，到2007年3月中国第一部器官移植行政法规—《人体器官移植条例》的制定，中国在器官移植方面的法学研究成果层出不穷。作为医学科技与人类社会文明发展的共同产物，人体器官移植的突起需要医学、伦理学、法学等综合领域的协同支撑。然而，，中国在此领域的法学研究不尽充分，立法技术落后、内容规定模糊等问题让我们看到与发达国家立法的差距仍旧存在。由于法律制度与医疗科技发展的脱轨，器官资源严重不足、分配不均以及非法买卖人体器官犯罪猖獗的现状让我们重新审视器官移植对于现存法律规定的冲击，并思考如何完善法律制度，从本质上规制实践问题。本文从人体器官移植的概念、分类等基本理论入手，总结了当前移植技术的发展历程，总结了人体器官移植技术在中国的沿革与现状。而后，通过理清中国人体器官移植立法沿革，归纳了《人体器官移植条例》的主要原则及主要内容，肯定了其在立法上的进步；作为迄今中国在移植领域最高法律效力的行政法规，《人体器官移植条例》对于促进移植技术发展具有里程碑意义。再根据现实中发生的案例，与现存法律制度、法律条文进行对比分析，提出笔者认为当前我国立法急需研究解决的几个法律问题，如死亡标准未被法律明确规定、死刑犯器官捐献缺乏法律保护、对于器官移植中供体尚无补偿措施等。笔者认为，这些问题与中国人体器官移植事业的发展息息相关，应当引起法学界的高度重视。最后，以当前中国国情为基础，汲取他国较为科学的法律规定之精华，提出了完善中国人体器官移植法律制度的个人己见。
[Abstract]:As an important breakthrough in the development of medical technology, human organ transplant in the rescue of patients with end-stage organ failure in showing a thriving style, known as "the twenty-first Century medicine",.1954, first appeared in the history of human organ transplantation, transplantation with vascular anastomosis technique, short-term hypothermic preservation of donor organ technology, application the immunosuppressant drug control row immune response of three major innovation was widely used in the clinical treatment, so many patients therefore see the light of life.
< > Chinese Taoist classics are described in the legend of Liezi Bian Que heart, which reflects the Chinese nation has already begun to explore the human organ transplant technology. The development of organ transplantation in China later than some of the world's leading technology countries, but in China's medical scientist's unremitting efforts, the technology to achieve rapid development and at the world advanced level. The human organ transplant technology in Chinese has started late, rapid development, the characteristics of high demand, and the regulation of the legal system Chinese surviving defects, seriously hindered the progress of transplantation technology. Since July 1982, Chinese on the field of transplantation the first legal system - < corneal transplantation regulation on the issue by March 2007 Chinese first organ transplant administrative regulations - "Human Organ Transplant Ordinance > formulation, Chinese in organ transplantation law research results from poor As a common product. Medical science and technology and the development of human civilization, the human organ transplant. Medical ethics, law, collaborative integrated field. However, research in this field is not fully Chinese, legislativetechnology. Content requirements fuzzy problem allows us to see the gap between the developed countries and the legislation still exists. Because the legal system and the medical science and technology development organ derailment, a serious shortage of resources, uneven distribution and the status of illegal trade in human organs crime rampant let us re-examine the impact of organ transplantation for existing provisions of the law, and think about how to improve the legal system, the regulation practice of nature of the problem.
This article from the concept of human organ transplantation, the basic theory of the classification, summarizes the development process of the current transfer technology, summarizes the history and the current situation of human organ transplant technology in China. Then, by clarifying the legislative history of China human organ transplantation, summarizes the main principles of "human organ transplant Ordinance and the main content, sure in the legislative progress; as far China in transplantation of the highest legal effect of administrative regulations," Regulations on human organ transplantation has significance to promote the development of milepost > for transplantation. Then according to the reality. The case, with the existing legal system, the legal provisions for comparative analysis, the author believes that the current law should I study in solving several problems, such as the standard of death is not explicitly stipulated in the law, condemned the lack of legal protection for organ donation, organ transplantation donor no Compensation measures, etc.
The author believes that the development of these problems and Chinese human organ transplant career closely, should attach great importance to law. Finally, the China based on the national conditions, learn the essence of his country's scientific law, put forward to perfect the legal system of Chinese human organ transplant personal view.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.16

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