我国农村狂犬病防治立法研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 14:38

本文选题：农村 + 狂犬病防治　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：近一二十年来,我国各大城市的城区基本上没有出现过狂犬病报告案例。一是因为城市有比较完善的养犬管理规定,在一定程度上限制了犬群数量,规范了犬只管理。二是城市居民经济状况良好,可以为其饲养犬只进行免疫,暴露后又能够积极主动进行预防接种,所以几乎没有感染的情况发生。但是在农村,由于缺乏完善的养犬管理规定,再加上文化水平普遍不高和经济条件差等原因,农村居民基本上不知道或无力为其饲养的犬只进行免疫,其暴露后的有效预防接种情况也不理想,农村地区成为事实上的狂犬病疫区,农村居民成为狂犬病最大的受害者。因此,我国狂犬病防治的重点在农村,控制农村犬畜狂犬病疫情是消除狂犬病的核心。我国现行狂犬病防治法律规范为城乡一体适用,但是,由于城乡二元结构的差异,我国农村地区与城市地区的经济发展水平差异巨大,现行城乡一体适用的狂犬病防治法律体系与农村实际情况脱节,无法达到有效防治与消除农村狂犬病疫情的目标。我国狂犬病防治法律规范应适用城乡分立,农村狂犬病防治法律规范应结合农村的实际情况而制定。不过,狂犬病防治既是一个长期的过程,也是一个创新与改革的过程。立法应当随着农村经济社会的发展,而随时作出调整。我国现阶段,狂犬病防治之立法适用城乡分立是合理的。但是,等到农村狂犬病疫情得到基本控制与消除,农村居民与城市居民经济和生活水平相差不大的时候,可以考虑制定城乡一体适用的狂犬病防治之法律规范,进一步简化狂犬病防治之法律规范。我国农村狂犬病防治之立法,关键在于要解决好现实中存在的农村犬只管理难,狂犬病防治专项经费不足,城乡间犬只交易混乱等问题。现行立法存在的问题有：采用了饲养人责任本位及刚性管理的立法原则,导致随之设计的制度难以适用于农村地区；管理体制上,一是没有专门的领导协调组织机构,二是部门职责分工不明确,从而导致管理上的多头与混乱；三是基本制度存在空白及现有制度不完善的问题。域外国家和地区狂犬病防治立法的一般经验是：在立法原则的确立上,注意整合好各方利益,充分考量养犬人利益、非养犬人利益以及社会公共利益三方之间的平衡。在立法内容上,完善登记与免疫、严格动物管理、严格出入境检疫、严密疫情监控。域外立法经验对我国农村狂犬病防治立法有如下启示：要更多地考量公民利益,增强政府行为的服务性,坚持减轻公民负担、以人为本及管理服务至上的立法原则；相关制度的设计应当符合社会的实际发展状况和经济水平；在具体方法上,要在立法中大胆改革与创新,不断坚持完善现行立法,并使所立之法律规范体例完整,语言规范,内容规定与其他相关法律紧密相连。我国农村狂犬病立法对策建议如下：制定专门的《农村狂犬病防治条例》,完善农村狂犬病防治法律规范体系；在立法原则上坚持以人为本、政府责任本位、管理服务至上(减轻负担、政府责任本位,人性化管理)三个原则；(在目前着力全面消除狂犬病的阶段,应提高统筹指挥工作的管理层级,)管理体制上,在中央层级成立“农村狂犬病防治指挥中心”,在疫区各省、市、县(自治县、区)成立“农村狂犬病防治指挥小组”,在疫点各乡镇成立“农村狂犬病防治指挥小组”,统筹协调指挥各地农村狂犬病防治工作；建立和完善如下基本制度：强制登记免疫制度、疫情监测制度、费用负担制度、城乡犬只交易制度、处罚制度、疫苗监管制度、教育宣传制度。
[Abstract]:In recent 20 years , there have been basically no cases of rabies in the urban areas of our country . This is because the city has comparatively perfect dog management regulations , which limits the number of dogs and regulates the dog management . However , in the countryside , there is almost no infection . However , in rural areas , due to the lack of perfect dog management regulations , the rural residents are the most victims of rabies . Therefore , the prevention and control of rabies in our country is the core of the elimination of rabies .

The legislation of the prevention and cure of rabies is a long - term process , and it is a process of innovation and reform . However , the legislation of the prevention and control of rabies is a long - term process , and it is a process of innovation and reform .

The legislation of the prevention and cure of Chinese rural rabies is the key to solve the problems of the difficulty of managing the rural dogs in the reality , the insufficient funds for the prevention and cure of rabies , and the confusion of the dog in the urban and rural areas . The existing legislation has the following problems : adopting the legislation principle of raising the person ' s responsibility and rigid management , which leads to the difficulty of the system which is designed to be applicable to rural areas ;
In the management system , there is no special leadership coordination organization , the second is the division of division of responsibility of the department is not clear , leading to the management of the multi - head and confusion ;
Third , there is a gap between the basic system and the imperfect existing system .

The general experience of legislation on the prevention and cure of rabies in foreign countries and regions is that , on the basis of the establishment of the legislative principle , we should pay attention to the integration of the interests of all parties , fully consider the balance between the interests of the dog and the interests of the dog and the three sides of the public interest .
The design of the relevant system should conform to the actual development situation and economic level of society ;
in that concrete method , we should reform and innovate boldly in the legislation , continue to perfect the current legislation , and make the legal norms of the law complete , the language norm and the content provision are closely connected with other relevant laws .

The legislative countermeasure of our country ' s rural rabies is as follows : the establishment of special laws and regulations on prevention and control of rabies in rural areas , and perfecting the legal norm system of rural rabies prevention and control ;
In principle , the legislation adheres to the three principles of people - oriented , government responsibility standard , management service first ( tax burden , government responsibility standard , humanization management ) ;
( In the stage of comprehensive elimination of rabies at present , the management level and management system of integrated command and command shall be improved , and the " Rural Rabies Prevention and Control Command Center " shall be established at the central level , and the " Rural Rabies Prevention and Control Command Group " shall be established in various provinces , cities and counties ( autonomous counties and districts ) of the epidemic areas to coordinate and coordinate the prevention and control work of rural rabies in various areas ;
Establish and perfect the following basic system : compulsory registration of immunization system , epidemic situation monitoring system , cost burden system , urban and rural dog trading system , penalty system , vaccine supervision system and educational propaganda system .

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.16

【参考文献】