环境法律责任制度的反思与重构

发布时间：2018-05-18 10:37

本文选题：法律责任 + 责任分配　；参考：《武汉大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：对环境问题的回应与规制是环境法的时代课题。法律责任是法律规范强制性的集中体现,也是实现法的目的的主要手段。现行环境法律责任的建构和运行基本延续了传统部门法责任的框架,这种建构不能满足环境问题责任追究的特殊要求。虽然环境法律责任在环境侵权、环境犯罪和环境行政方面的责任立法上取得了一定进展,但环境问题并没有得到有效控制。一方面是环境法律责任的立法繁荣,另一方面环境公共危机却日益严重,这种现状背后反映的是环境法律责任的理论设计与实践运用之间的张力,关注传统法律责任的缺陷并做出积极改变成为强烈的现实需求,需要从理论层面和实践层面反思环境法律责任建构,以期实现环境法律责任的实效目的。论文认为,环境法律责任是一项法律制度,并从规范分析的视角出发,梳理了传统法理学研究关于法律责任以及环境法律责任的责任理论,分析了环境法律责任制度内涵、结构以及国内外发展现状,归纳了环境法律责任制度的发展主线。论文指出,目前的环境法律责任的主要问题是制度定位上的偏差、利益调整的片面和价值选择上的偏失。这反映了环境法律责任的制度设计与运行中实践理性的缺位。论文透过制度法学和实践理性的视角,通过对相关理论研究文献的观察和各国立法实践的借鉴认为,在环境法律责任的利益调整、制度定位、责任的分配与实现程序方面,现行的环境法律责任体系有进一步完善的空间。论文对现行环境法律责任的反思认为：第一,现行环境法律责任在责任理论上受人类中心主义的影响偏大,以调整的环境私人利益为主,虽然环境公共利益的调整有所扩大,仍然表现出较为明显的利益调整上的片面性。第二,现行环境法律责任的功能定位上,表现出较强的事后应对性功能定位,以填补性和惩罚性责任为主,属于环境结果发生后的被动应对,而预防性、事前防范的环境法律责任薄弱。第三,由于环境法律责任关系的复杂性,环境损害发生后的责任主体的识别和确立在现有科技条件下非常困难;环境损害具有公害性,使得个人或企业为主体的责任追究方式,遭遇赔偿不能、救济不力的困境。第四,环境法律责任主要依赖个体化的分配,但在环境法律责任主体不明、因果关系复杂或责任主体不具备赔偿能力的情况下,个体化分配的局限非常明显。第五,环境法律责任虽然在实现程序上迈出了专门审判的一大步,但套用和沿袭原有的诉讼规则和审判规则仍制约了环境法律责任的实现。论文强调,环境法律责任的的重构应当以实践理性为指导,优先保护生存性环境利益,以预防和分配作为环境法律责任的制度定位,从事后应对走向事前预防：依托状态责任和行为责任进行责任主体的识别和确立；实现责任分配的个体化和社会化转移与引导,最终依靠环境案件的专门审判程序和公众参与、信息公共的保障实现环境法律责任的制度功能。同时,论文提出了重构的方法和具体方案,即制度创新、制度进化和制度借鉴三种方法：顺应环境法的代际发展进行责任创新；通过部门法责任的扬弃实现制度进化；通过对国外环境法律责任的立法经验的参考进行制度借鉴。环境法律责任作为制度存在其内在统一和外在协调问题还需要进一步研究。论文批判了环境法律责任的部门法视角,质疑了现行环境法律责任的责任理论和理念以及私法责任为主的布局,认为目前的研究中环境法律责任的属性界定、功能和价值定位还没有统一意见,主张采用制度法学和实践理性的进路研究环境法律责任,还有重构的具体方案部分提出了一些可能的建议,为以后的理论研究和实践指明了方向。
[Abstract]:Legal responsibility is a compulsory and centralized embodiment of environmental law , and it is the main means to realize the purpose of environmental law .

The paper holds that environmental legal liability is a legal system , and from the perspective of normative analysis , the paper analyzes the liability theory of traditional jurisprudence research on legal liability and environmental liability , analyses the connotation , structure and development status of environmental legal liability , and induces the development of environmental legal liability system .

The paper points out that the main problem of environmental legal responsibility is the deviation of system positioning , the partial loss of the adjustment of interest and the loss of practical reason in operation .

The thesis emphasizes that the reconstruction of environmental legal responsibility should be guided by practical reason , priority should be given to protecting the interests of the living environment , so as to prevent and assign the system which is the legal responsibility of the environment , and then deal with the post - accident prevention : the identification and establishment of the responsible subject based on the state responsibility and the behavior responsibility ;
At the same time , the thesis puts forward three methods : system innovation , institutional evolution and system reference .
To realize the evolution of the system through the abandonment of the responsibility of the department law ;
Based on the reference of the legislative experience of environmental legal liability in foreign countries , this paper makes a systematic reference .

As a system , environmental legal responsibility needs to be further studied . The paper criticized the department law perspective of environmental legal responsibility , questioned the responsibility theory and concept of legal liability in current environment and the layout of private law responsibility . It is believed that the attribute definition , function and value orientation of environmental legal responsibility in current research are not unified , and some possible suggestions are put forward in this paper , which points out the direction for future theoretical research and practice .
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.68

【参考文献】