我国船舶压载水的法律制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-12 01:41

本文选题：船舶压载水 + 海洋生态保护　；参考：《哈尔滨工程大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：船舶压载水作为远洋船舶航行中不可缺少的组成部分,随着国际海运事业的迅猛发展,其需求量日益增加导致船舶压载水携带外来物种引发生物入侵的问题日益突出。船舶压载水引发生物入侵问题作为一种新发现的海洋生物污染问题,获得了国际社会的大力关注,国际海事组织在2004年通过了《国际船舶压载水及其沉积物控制与管理公约》。而以美国、澳大利亚为代表的西方发达国家也相继建立起比较完善的船舶压载水防控法律体系,制定了具体的有关压载水的单边立法,以应对船舶压载水带来的海洋外来生物入侵的威胁。近几年,我国沿海地区屡屡爆发赤潮,经专家研究基本可以确定为属于船舶压载水携带的外来藻类入侵我国港口海域所导致的大面积赤潮灾害。目前我国现行有关船舶压载水的法律法规并不能很好地应对船舶压载水带来的生物入侵问题,立法指导思想和立法目的偏离、法律防控体系的不健全、监督管理制度的混乱和法律责任追究制度的不完善等问题亟待解决。通过总结归纳国际立法和各国国内法的立法经验,结合我国压载水引发外来生物的现状,本文提出了建立健全船舶压载水法律制度的具体建议。从压载水引发生物入侵的立法目的来看,应当以保护生物多样性和维护海洋生态环境为目的;在船舶压载水外来生物入侵的法律基本原则设置上,应当将风险预防原则作为首要考虑因素,兼顾排放者付费原则和国际合作原则;在法律制度设定上,从外来生物风险评估制度、排放许可制度、监督和管理制度、公众参与制度和技术发展制度着手进行完善;在船舶压载水生物入侵的法律责任追究上,以行政责任、民事责任和刑事责任为手段,进一步规制船舶压载水的法律防控。
[Abstract]:Ship ballast water is an indispensable part of ocean-going navigation. With the rapid development of international shipping industry, the increasing demand for ballast water brings about the problem of biological invasion caused by alien species brought by ships ballast water. As a newly discovered problem of marine biological pollution, the problem of biological invasion caused by ship ballast water has been paid great attention by the international community. In 2004, the International Convention on the Control and Management of Ballast Water and its sediments was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Western developed countries, represented by the United States and Australia, have also established a relatively perfect legal system for the prevention and control of ship ballast water one after another, and have formulated specific unilateral legislation on ballast water. To deal with the threat of marine alien invasion caused by ship ballast water. In recent years, red tide broke out frequently in the coastal areas of our country, and it can be determined by experts' research that it is a large-scale red tide disaster caused by the invasion of foreign algae carried by ships ballast water into the port waters of our country. At present, the current laws and regulations on ship ballast water in our country can not deal well with the biological invasion caused by ship ballast water, the legislative guiding ideology and legislative purpose deviate, and the legal prevention and control system is not perfect. The confusion of supervision and management system and the imperfection of legal accountability system need to be solved. By summing up the legislative experience of international legislation and domestic laws and combining with the current situation of foreign creatures caused by ballast water in China, this paper puts forward some concrete suggestions for establishing and perfecting the legal system of ship ballast water. From the point of view of the legislative purpose of biological invasion caused by ballast water, the purpose should be to protect biodiversity and maintain the marine ecological environment. The principle of risk prevention should be taken as the primary consideration, taking into account the principle of payer and international cooperation; and in terms of legal regime, from the perspective of the external biological risk assessment system, the emission permit system, the monitoring and management system, The system of public participation and the system of technical development should be perfected, and the legal liability of ballast water invasion should be investigated by means of administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工程大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.68

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