我国环境污染第三方治理主体民事法律责任研究

发布时间：2018-08-18 12:48

【摘要】：随着环境污染形势越来越严峻,我国传统的环境污染治理模式已经无法跟上当前的治污发展要求,环境污染治理模式急需变革,以解决传统环境污染治理中专业化水平、资金、人才队伍等制约污染治理发展的问题,为此我国在环境污染治理领域引入了先进的第三方治理模式,让第三方企业既专业化的环境服务公司进入环境污染治理市场。第三方治理模式有着相较于传统污染治理模式所不具有的巨大优势,已经成为全世界大多数国家应对环境污染首选的治污模式。正是因为第三方治理模式有着其巨大的优越性,党和国家近年来出台了一系列的中央、政府文件来推广环境污染第三方治理模式,希望第三方治理模式能解决我国日益严重的环境问题。可是,我国在法律方面缺乏对于环境污染第三方治理这个新的治污模式的相关法律法规,而现有的法律法规在面对环境污染第三方治理模式时,不是显得太笼统粗放,就是有些不合时宜,完善相关的法律法规尤其是关于民事主体责任的法律法规显得非常重要。2015年新出台的《环境保护法》通篇居然没有第三方治理的字眼,但是不再强调谁污染谁治理原则,而是损害担责原则,为环境污染第三方治理构建了一个大的法律框架。虽然构建了一个法律框架,但是对于环境污染第三方治理民事责任的相关问题依然缺乏具体条文。在我国的环境保护法修订后不久,就由国务院出台了一个对于环境污染第三方治理模式提出具体开展意见、明确发展目标、为各省、直辖市结合本地区环境污染实际情况积极开展第三方治理模式的指导性文件:《国务院办公厅关于推行环境污染第三方治理的意见》(以下简称“意见”)。《意见》不仅在宏观上、战略层面进行了指导,还对于企业如何创新性开展第三方治理,第三方治理市场着重点应放在公用设施和工业园区等市场领域,以及第三方治理的组织实施完善、市场建设健全等方面做出了具体的微观性的指导。可以说《意见》为第三方治理模式相关法律法规的出台与完善搭建了一个框架。但是,意见毕竟不是标准的行政法律法规,它的法律效力较低,无法解决在引入环境污染第三方治理模式后,由于增加了环境服务公司这个新的民事主体,增加了排污企业和环境服务公司这一合同法律关系以及其他民事法律责任关系后,产生的一些现实性民事法律责任的问题,如环境服务公司作为新的主体因没有认真履行环境服务合同造成环境污染,它应承担何种责任?无过错的排污企业是否还应该承担民事责任?环境服务公司与其他主体之间的民事法律责任关系?它与排污企业对外的责任承担对内责任分配问题?这些都引发了理论界的广泛思考,为此产生了几种学说争论。这些也就是本文主要研究的环境污染第三方治理主体之间的民事法律责任问题,在引入环境服务公司这一新主体后,排污企业与环境环境服务公司这个环境污染第三方治理主体两者间内部的法律责任关系,法律上的治理责任是否转移?他们与环境受害方对外的法律关系,在发生环境侵权时候,两者的归责原则和彼此应承担的民事法律责任等问题。在参考大量的文献资料后,笔者先从环境污染第三方治理的概念、产生背景、相关的法律法规和文件入手,分析我国环境污染第三方治理模式的现状和存在的法律问题,然后笔者在前人的基础上借鉴国外环境污染第三方治理的先进经验,提出自己对于环境污染第三方治理民事责任问题的一些浅薄意见,希望能通过完善第三方治理模式的法律,明确民事责任分配等方面促进这一新型的治污模式在我国的健康、可持续发展。本章正文分为五个部分:第一部分:环境污染第三方治理主体民事法律责任概述。在这一部分笔者主要介绍环境污染第三方治理的概念、背景、特征、传统环境污染治理和第三方治理模式异同、民事法律责任概念、责任类型,在引入第三方污染治理企业这一新主体后,排污方、环境服务公司与污染受害者三者之间民事法律责任关系。第二部分:我国环境污染第三方治理现状分析。这一部分主要是梳理我国环境污染第三方治理涉及到的相关法律法规及文件。由于法律法规不完善,我国理论界关于环境污染第三方治理模式主体民事责任产生了哪些学说争论。第三部分:我国环境污染第三方治理民事责任问题分析。我国环境污染第三方治理中法律法规在民事责任这一块存在的一些问题。由于民事责任不清导致我国环境污染第三方治理在法律完善、归责制度制定以及政府监管层面上又产生了哪些问题,以及这些问题所带来的危害及给笔者的思考。第四部分:国外对于环境污染第三方治理先进经验及对我国的启示。在这一部分主要介绍国外在环境污染第三方治理民事责任法律方面的先进经验,以及如何通过完善的法律法规、制度促进第三方治理健康发展的先进经验。这些先进的经验对我国的启示分别有哪些。第五部分:完善我国环境污染第三方治理主体民事法律责任建议。在这一部分主要是笔者在前人的研究成果基础上,结合国外的先进经验和对我国的启示,依据我国的环境污染第三方治理的现状和问题,提出自己的建议,希望能从法律、制度层面对于民事责任的完善,减少第三方治理模式在发展当中可能会遇到的困境,让法律为第三方治理保驾护航。
[Abstract]:With the situation of environmental pollution becoming more and more serious, the traditional mode of environmental pollution control in our country has been unable to keep up with the current requirements of pollution control development. The mode of environmental pollution control needs to be changed urgently to solve the problems that restrict the development of pollution control in traditional environmental pollution control, such as the level of specialization, funds, and the contingent of talents. Advanced third-party governance model is introduced in the field of governance, which enables the third-party enterprises to enter the market of environmental pollution control. Compared with the traditional pollution control model, the third-party governance model has great advantages and has become the preferred pollution control model for most countries in the world. It is precisely because of the tremendous superiority of the third-party governance model that the Party and the state have issued a series of central and government documents in recent years to promote the third-party governance model of environmental pollution, hoping that the third-party governance model can solve the increasingly serious environmental problems in China. The existing laws and regulations are either too general or inappropriate when facing the third-party pollution control mode. It is very important to perfect the relevant laws and regulations, especially the laws and regulations on civil liability. Law > does not have the words of the third party governance, but no longer emphasizes the principle of "who pollutes who governs", but the principle of liability for damage, which constructs a big legal framework for the third party governance of environmental pollution. Shortly after the amendment of China's Environmental Protection Law, the State Council promulgated a guiding document on the development of a third-party environmental pollution control model, with a view to clarifying the development objectives and actively developing the third-party environmental pollution control model for the provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government in light of the actual situation of environmental pollution in the region. Opinions on implementing third-party governance of environmental pollution It can be said that "Opinions" has set up a framework for the enactment and perfection of laws and regulations related to the third-party governance model. However, opinions are not standard administrative laws and regulations after all, and their legal effect is low, which can not solve the problem of introducing the third-party governance model of environmental pollution. After that, because of the addition of environmental service company as a new civil subject, and the addition of the contract legal relationship between pollutant discharge enterprise and environmental service company, as well as other civil legal liabilities, some practical civil legal liabilities have arisen, such as environmental service company as a new subject because it has not conscientiously fulfilled the environmental service contract. What kind of responsibility should it bear for causing environmental pollution? Should non-fault sewage enterprises also bear civil liability? Civil legal liability relationship between environmental service companies and other subjects? The distribution of internal liability between environmental service companies and external liability of sewage enterprises? These are the civil liability issues between the third-party governing bodies of environmental pollution. After introducing the new subject of environmental service companies, the relationship between the internal legal liability and the legal liability between the pollutant discharge enterprises and the environmental service companies, which are the third-party governing bodies of environmental pollution, has been studied in this paper. Whether to transfer the responsibility? The legal relationship between them and the environmental victim, the principle of liability fixation and the civil liability of each other in the event of environmental infringement. The present situation and existing legal problems of the third-party governance model of environmental pollution in China, and then on the basis of the advanced experience of the foreign third-party governance of environmental pollution, the author puts forward some shallow opinions on the civil liability of the third-party governance of environmental pollution, hoping to improve the law of the third-party governance model. The main body of this chapter is divided into five parts: the first part: an overview of the civil liability of the third party governing the environmental pollution. In this part, the author mainly introduces the concept, background, characteristics and traditional environment of the third party governing the environmental pollution. The similarities and differences between the pollution control and the third-party control mode, the concept of civil legal liability, the types of liability, after introducing the third-party pollution control enterprises as a new main body, the civil legal liability relationship among the polluters, environmental service companies and the victims of pollution. Part II: Analysis of the current situation of the third-party pollution control in China. This paper reviews the relevant laws, regulations and documents related to the third-party treatment of environmental pollution in China. Due to the imperfection of laws and regulations, the theoretical circles in China have debated what theory about the civil liability of the subject of the third-party treatment model of environmental pollution. There are some problems in the civil liability of laws and regulations in the tripartite governance. Because of the unclear civil liability, what problems have arisen in the third party governance of environmental pollution in our country, and what problems have arisen from the formulation of the imputation system and the level of government supervision, as well as the harm caused by these problems and the author's thinking. This part mainly introduces the advanced experience of foreign countries in the civil liability law of the third-party treatment of environmental pollution, and the advanced experience of how to promote the healthy development of the third-party treatment through perfect laws and regulations. The fifth part is the suggestion of perfecting the civil liability of the third party governing the environmental pollution in our country.On the basis of the predecessors'research results, the author puts forward his own suggestion according to the present situation and problems of the third party governing the environmental pollution in our country, combining the advanced experience of foreign countries and the enlightenment to our country. It is hoped that the improvement of civil liability from the legal and institutional levels will reduce the difficulties that may be encountered in the development of the third-party governance model and let the law escort the third-party governance.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.6

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