版权制度异化研究

发布时间：2018-01-28 18:08

本文关键词： 版权制度异化价值表现原因扬弃　出处：《西南政法大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：版权制度自诞生以来,便在保障权利人个人利益与促进社会公共利益之间进行博弈。随着国际经济一体化的不断推进,发达国家利用其经济优势将少数人利益诉求制度化,将国内版权制度国际化,使版权制度逐渐出现背离其促进公共利益发展的根本价值取向的异化趋势。本文目的在于深入探讨版权法律制度的价值取向问题,通过多种研究方法,从异化角度分析版权制度的本来价值,并希望借此引起人们对版权制度异化现象的重视和警惕,共同研究促进版权制度正常发展的对策。本文共分七部分,除绪论和结论以外,另有五章。绪论部分阐述了本文的研究意义、选题的国内外研究现状、研究方法与创新之处。对于版权制度异化问题的研究,有助于人们更加深入地认识版权制度真正的价值取向,深刻分析生活中出现的版权过度保护、私权侵害公益的现象,并通过现象认识到版权制度异化的本质,引起人们对版权制度完善的新思考。在哲学领域,异化是一个研究颇多的问题,但在法学领域则相对较少,关于知识产权制度尤其是版权制度异化问题仅有零星研究,缺乏系统性。运用哲学领域的异化理论对版权制度进行系统分析是法学方法论上的尝试。第一章分析了异化的哲学渊源和相关基础理论。在哲学领域,异化是指事物对自身本质的否定或者分离与背离。历史上,黑格尔、费尔巴哈和马克思等著名哲学家都曾深入论及异化思想。从黑格尔的“客观唯心主义+辩证法”的异化思想、费尔巴哈的人本主义的异化思想,到马克思的“辩证唯物主义”的异化思想和现代西方马克思主义者们的多元异化思想,体现出异化思想从“形而上”到“形而下”、从抽象到具体的演变脉络。法律制度异化理论就是运用马克思的社会关系异化理论分析法律制度而形成的衍生成果。在知识产权制度异化理论中,存在诸多概念混淆之处,例如将异化与权利滥用、制度异化与权利异化等混为一谈。异化与权利滥用不是一种现象,权利异化说也属误用,真正科学的用法是制度异化。版权制度异化指版权制度的设计与运行逐渐偏离版权制度的根本价值,走向自己对立面的现象,它是一个过程,具有相对性,其结果是对版权制度内部协调性的破坏。第二章从文本表达和历史视角两个方面分析了版权制度的价值。法律的目的价值、形式价值与评价价值是一个统一体,但法律的目的价值是居于基础和本源地位的,因为它反映着法律创制与实施的目的,描绘着社会关系的理想状态,同时界定权利义务的分配格局。从文本角度看,版权制度价值分为保障价值和促进价值。保障价值体现为版权制度对权利人利益的保护,促进价值体现为促进作品创作、传播与社会文化的发展。保障价值是实现促进价值的手段,促进价值是保障价值的依归。英美早期版权史表明,实现版权制度的保障价值是版权制度产生之初的目标,而促进价值则是为实现个人私利的手段,随着历史的发展,促进价值才逐渐转化为版权制度的根本价值取向。从法的价值角度讲,异化是版权制度对促进价值的偏离甚至背离。第三章运用比较研究法、历史研究法和实证研究法,以中国版权法律制度为主,从版权的对象、内容、保护期、合理使用、行政保护等五个方面分析了版权制度异化的具体表现。在版权制度中存在限制版权对象扩张的法定原则和思想-表达两分原则,中外版权制度史上都曾出现违背这两大原则扩张版权对象的现象。随着科技的发展,更主要的是随着版权人利益集团的不断争取,著作财产权种类与内容都呈扩张之势。多数国家在著作财产权扩张过程中坚持了内容法定原则和封闭式立法模式,而中国在短短几十年间将著作财产权种类扩张了几倍,并采取开放式立法模式,使著作财产权内容从有限扩张为无限。版权内容扩张的过程,从某种程度上讲就是版权物权化的过程。技术措施的出现,使版权物权化从拟制状态变为现实状态,特别是接触控制措施,完全背离传统版权价值,控制社会公众接触作品,影响作品传播,其合法化是版权制度异化的极端表现;版权保护期制度本是有利于实现版权制度促进价值的制度设计,过长的保护期是对公共利益的侵害和挤压。从历史上看,世界各国存在保护期延长偏好;从平均预期寿命和妇女平均生育年龄两个方面考察,现行主流期限制度—自然人终生加死后五十年的保护期—在相当长时期内都大大超过了其最初设计目的,欧美等国家和地区在20世纪下半叶的版权延期运动将会对公共利益形成更多掠夺。合理使用制度本是实现版权制度促进价值的平衡设计,应该随着版权内容的扩张相应扩充,然而,我国版权法中的合理使用制度却呈现相反的发展趋势,不断压缩现有合理使用的适用范围,同时在立法模式上采用封闭式立法,出现版权内容与限制的失衡。从权利平等性角度讲,版权应与其他财产权受到相同程度的保护,只有版权侵权行为同时损害公共利益时才能启动行政保护程序,而实践中却存在泛公共利益化甚至去公共利益化的趋势,强化对版权的公法保护,滥用公共资源保护私人利益。作为上层建筑的版权制度异化有着深刻的技术原因和经济原因。第四章运用经济基础与上层建筑间的关系原理,分别从技术发展、经济转型对版权制度异化的作用两个方面,阐述了版权制度异化的原因。在《安妮法》之后,照相技术、复印机技术、电影摄制技术、计算机信息技术的发明与改进,促进了作品种类的增加,同时增加了公众对作品的利用方式和利用效率,加剧了版权人与作品使用人间的利益冲突。中国在新技术应用方面几乎与国外同步,但在版权制度建设方面却过于仓促,致其与国外版权制度形似而神异。资本主义的本质是不断扩张资本并完成资本积累,追求蕴含在无形产品中的利益最大化,在国内外拓展作品消费市场,便成为版权利益集团不竭的动力。在追求版权制度国际化过程中,作为版权制度输入国的中国无论在市场经济土壤培育方面,还是在制度实践和理论准备方面都处于弱势地位,无论是签署双边协定还是加入国际公约,都首先以满足施压国家的利益需求为主,未曾注意到形式上的互惠带来的实质不公。外力压迫下引入的版权制度,重形式而轻实质,重保障而轻促进,与中国的现实水土不服。与版权制度异化的表现相对应,第五章从版权对象、内容、保护期、合理使用、行政保护等五个方面对我国异化版权制度的扬弃问题做了探讨。异化版权制度的扬弃是指通过修订立法使版权制度重新回到立足于、服务于实现版权制度促进价值的正确方向的过程。在版权对象方面,我国版权制度应该以封闭式立法模式规定版权对象,限定作品的构成要件,明确规定思想-表达两分法,并适度扩大版权对象的排除领域。在版权内容方面,我国也应以封闭式立法模式规定版权内容,可以增加规定追续权并应当扩大合理规避措施范围。在符合延及作者后两代人的标准下,自然人作品的最佳保护期为妇女平均生育年龄的两倍,而发表算法定期制的最佳保护期为作品发表后二十年,我国在今后几十年都没有必要延长保护期。我国应当在相关国际公约最低保护水平的基础上,试行部分作品例如摄影作品和实用美术作品的短期续期制;在合理使用方面,版权法应该构建以三步检验法为中心的开放式模式,修改或增加部分合理使用的具体情形;在版权的行政保护方面,我国行政机关应当严格遵循行政执法的公共利益要件,掌握公共利益的判断准则,做到执法为公。
[Abstract]:Since the birth of the copyright system, then the game between personal interests to protect human rights and promote public interests. With the integration of the international economy continues to advance, the developed countries use their economic advantages to the system demands of minority interests, the domestic copyright system internationalization, the copyright system has gradually appeared the trend of alienation from the promotion of public interest development the basic value orientation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the value orientation of the legal system of the copyright, through a variety of research methods, analysis of the original value of the copyright system from the view of alienation, and hopes to arouse people's attention and vigilance on the copyright system of alienation, jointly study the countermeasures to promote the normal development of the copyright system. This paper is divided into seven parts. Besides the preface and the conclusion, and five chapters. The introduction part expounds the significance of this study, the research status of the topic at home and abroad, The research methods and innovations. Research on the copyright system of alienation, help people have a more in-depth understanding of the real value of the copyright system, a profound analysis of the life of the over protection of copyright, privacy against social phenomenon, and recognizing the essence through the phenomenon of alienation of the copyright system, causing people to think about the new copyright system. In the field of philosophy, alienation is a research issue in the field of law, but is relatively less, especially on the intellectual property system of copyright system alienation only sporadic research, lack of system. Using the philosophical theory of alienation to analyze the copyright system is an attempt of Jurisprudence methodology. The first chapter analysis the origin of philosophy and the related theory of alienation. In the field of philosophy, alienation refers to the things of their own nature or the negation of isolation and divergence. In history, Hagel Marx, Feuerbach and other famous philosophers have deep and alienation thought. From Hagel's "objective idealism + dialectics" theory of alienation, alienation of thought of Feuerbach's humanism, Marx's "dialectical materialism" alienation thought and modern western Marx doctrine have multiple alienation of thought, reflects the alienation from the thought of "metaphysical" to "shape", the evolution from the abstract to the concrete legal system. The theory of alienation is the use of Marx's theory of alienation of social relations and the formation of the legal system of derivative results. In the system of intellectual property alienation theory, there are many concepts of confusion, such as alienation and abuse of rights system right of alienation and alienation of alienation and confused. The abuse of rights is not a right of alienation phenomenon, said that it is misused, the real scientific usage is the system of alienation. The copyright system refers to the alienation of the fundamental value of design and operation of the copyright system is gradually deviated from the copyright system, to their opposite phenomenon, it is a process that is relative, the result is the coordination of the internal system of copyright damage. The second chapter analyzes the value of the copyright system from the text expression and historical visual angle two the value of law. The purpose, value and value evaluation form is a unity, but the purpose is the value of law is the foundation and source status, because it reflects the establishment and implementation of the law to depict the ideal state of social relations, the distribution pattern and define the rights and obligations of the text. From the perspective of copyright the system of value to promote the value for security value and security value. In order to protect the rights and interests of the copyright system, promote the value to promote the creation, dissemination and development of social insurance culture. The value is to realize the value of the barrier means, promote the value is the value that the protection of mind. That early history of Anglo American copyright, the copyright system to achieve security value is at the beginning of the objectives of the copyright system, and promote the value is to realize the personal interests of the means, along with the historical development, promote the value gradually transformed into fundamental value the orientation of the copyright system. From the view of the value of law, alienation is the copyright system to deviate from the value of the promotion even deviated from. In the third chapter, using the comparative research method, historical research method and empirical research method, to Chinese copyright legal system as the main object, from the copyright protection, content, reasonable use, five aspects of administration analysis of the specific performance of the copyright protection system of foreignization. In the copyright system in the legal principle and idea of limiting copyright expansion expression object dichotomy, the history of copyright system in China and foreign countries have appeared against The two principles of extending copyright object phenomenon. With the development of science and technology, especially with the copyright interests struggle, copyright types and content are expansion potential. Most of the countries in the copyright expansion process, adhere to the principle of legal content and closed the mode of legislation, and in Chinese just a few decades the copyright type expanded several times, and take the open mode of legislation, the copyright content from the finite to the infinite. The process of expansion of copyright content expansion, to a certain extent is the copyright right of the process. The technical measures of copyright, the property from the preparation of state variable for the real state, especially the access control measures, a complete departure from the traditional copyright value control, public contact work, affect the dissemination of works, its legalization is extreme manifestation of copyright system alienation; copyright protection system This is conducive to the realization of the copyright system to promote the system of design value, the protection period is too long is against the public interest and extrusion. Historically, countries around the world have extension preference; from two aspects the average life expectancy of women of childbearing age and the current mainstream period system, nature of human life and fifty years after the death of the protection period, in a quite long period of time has greatly exceeded its original design purpose, in the second half of twentieth Century, the copyright extension movement will Europe and other countries and regions to form more plunder of public interests. Rational use of the system is the realization of the copyright system to promote the balance of design value, with the expansion of the corresponding content of copyright should be however, it has expanded to the copyright law of our country in the system of rational use of the opposite trend of development, the scope of the rational use of existing continuous compression, at the same time in the legislative model. The closed type legislation, balance and restriction of copyright content. From the perspective of equal rights, copyright and other property rights should be protected by the same degree, only the copyright infringement and damages to start the administrative protection procedure of public interest, but in practice is the existence of public interests or even to pan the public interest tendency. To strengthen the protection of copyright law, the abuse of public resources to protect private interests. As the alienation of copyright system superstructure with profound reasons and economic reasons. The fourth chapter uses the principle of relationship between economic base and superstructure, respectively, from the development of technology, economic transformation on the two aspects of copyright system alienation effect, expounds the the reason of alienation in copyright system. "After the Anne law > camera technology, copier technology, film technology, the invention and improvement of computer information technology, promote the kinds of works The increase, while increasing the efficiency of public use and the way of work, exacerbated the conflict of interests of copyright owners and works with the world. Chinese in the application of new technology almost synchronized with foreign, but in terms of copyright system construction is too hasty, caused by the shape and foreign copyright system. The essence of capitalism is constantly heroic the expansion of capital and capital accumulation, the pursuit of the maximization of intangible products contained in the interests of the consumer market expansion works at home and abroad, has become the inexhaustible power of copyright interests. In the pursuit of the copyright system in the process of internationalization, as the copyright system enter the China in market economy to cultivate soil, or are in a weak position position in the system prepares the practical and theoretical aspects, whether to sign bilateral agreements or accession to international conventions, are the first to meet the pressure of national interest demand, not Ever notice form mutual bring the essence of injustice. The copyright system introduced under the external pressure, heavy and light form the essence of protection and promotion and the reality of Chinese light, corresponding to the copyright system. The climate does not suit one. alienation, the fifth chapter from the copyright object, content, protection, rational use, to do to investigate the sublation of five aspects of administrative protection on China's copyright system. The alienation of the copyright system is to discard alienation by revising the legislation to make copyright system based on the back, the process of service in the right direction to realize copyright system to promote the value of the object. In the copyright, the copyright system of our country should be closed to the legislative mode the provisions of copyright object, defining the important elements of the works, clear idea expression dichotomy, and expand the copyright object in the copyright field. Exclude content, China should also take closed mode of legislation regulation Set content, can increase the provisions of droit and reasonable measures to avoid the scope should be expanded. In accord with the standard of human and author after two generations, the best protection period of natural person works for two times the average age of the women in the family, and the best protection algorithm for regularly published works published for twenty years after I China in the coming decades are not necessary to extend the protection period. Our country should be based on the relevant international convention on the minimum level of protection, some works such as trial works and practical works of art photography short-term renewal system; in fair use, copyright law should establish the open mode to three step test as the center, modify or the specific circumstances of the rational use of the increased part; in the administrative protection of copyright in our country, the administrative organ shall strictly follow the requirements of public interests in administrative law enforcement, criterion of master of public interest, so that law enforcement For the public.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.41

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