论财产权视野下当代数据权利的保护

发布时间：2018-04-16 19:29

本文选题：数据权利 + 财产权　；参考：《复旦大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文所谈的数据权利是指在财产权视野下对数据的控制权和使用权。就财产权视角而言,数据权利并非是一种不言自明、与生俱来的权利。在信息社会,由于有价值的数据与主体和载体分离,独立存在且无须通过有形的载体即可传输；数据本身直接成为了交易的标的物进行单独交换,这些特性使得数据区别于信息、数据库等凸现出独立的使用价值和交换价值。但受到劳动价值论等传统观念的束缚,现有法律中无形物的权利保护以创新性为首要判定标准,以投资和劳动投入作为辅助判定标准,这使得数据权利无法得到应有的保护。立法机关变通的做法：一是通过人为扩大专利法保护范围的方式,把数据权利升格为知识产权,强行赋予其创新性。二是通过确认信息权利或数据库权利代替数据权利。三是作为个案通过合同法、侵权法等进行个别调整。以上模式均不利于独立的数据权利保护。随着大数据、云计算、物联网等新技术运用,法律在数据权利保护上的滞后现象表现为3个方面：一是对大数据收集行业拥有的数据权利(特别是金融交易数据、物联网零售数据、网络用户使用痕迹数据等的控制权和使用权)没有界定。二是对数据应用业的数据权利(特别是代表创新方向的创客企业或个人开展产品设计时使用数据的权利)没有界定。三是对数据的专属权利和非专属权利没有界定。建立数据权利保护制度已成为了一种社会需求。建立适应信息社会特点的数据控制权和使用权制度的目标,是兼顾实现整体经济社会的公平和高效。产权经济学认为,数据同时具有非排他性和非强制性,应当属于公共资源。但“开放数据运动”的实践证明,将数据置于公共领域带来了不公平和低效率,出现了侵犯隐私权、剥削劳动力、数据质量下降、封闭使用造成浪费等情况。对此,笔者在分析现有的物权、债权、权利凭证、知识产权和新型权利模式对数据权利借鉴意义的基础上,探讨建立一种以有限垄断(优先使用)为前提,推动数据公开的激励机制和权利模式,达到避免数据被垄断、数据被闲置、数据权利主张侵犯其他专属权的目的,实现数据控制权与使用权的平衡。
[Abstract]:The data right in this paper refers to the right to control and use the data under the view of property right.From the perspective of property rights, data rights are not a self-evident, inherent right.In the information society, because valuable data is separated from the subject and carrier, it exists independently and can be transmitted without physical carrier; the data itself becomes the subject matter of the transaction and is exchanged separately.These characteristics make data distinct from information, database and so on, showing independent use value and exchange value.However, under the restraint of traditional concepts such as labor value theory, the right protection of intangible things in the existing law takes innovation as the primary criterion, and investment and labor input as auxiliary criteria, which makes the data rights unable to be protected properly.The legislative organ's alternative approach: first, by artificially expanding the scope of patent law protection, the data rights are upgraded to intellectual property rights, and they are endowed with innovation by force.The second is to confirm the right to information or database rights instead of data rights.Third, as a case through contract law, tort law and other individual adjustments.The above model is not conducive to independent data rights protection.With the use of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing and the Internet of things, the lag in the protection of data rights by law is manifested in three aspects: the first is the data rights (especially financial transaction data) held by big data in the collection industry.Internet of things retail data, network users use trace data and other rights of control and use) is not defined.Second, the data rights of data application industry (especially the right of creative enterprises or individuals to use data in product design) are not defined.Third, there is no definition of exclusive right and non-exclusive right of data.The establishment of data rights protection system has become a social demand.The goal of establishing the system of data control and right to use in accordance with the characteristics of the information society is to realize the fairness and efficiency of the whole economy and society.According to the economics of property rights, data is both non-exclusive and non-mandatory and should belong to public resources.But the practice of the "Open data Movement" has proved that putting data in the public domain has brought about inequity and inefficiency, such as violation of privacy, exploitation of labor force, deterioration of data quality, waste caused by closed use and so on.On the basis of analyzing the significance of the existing real right, creditor's rights, documents of rights, intellectual property rights and new right models to the data rights, the author discusses the establishment of a limited monopoly (preferential use) as the premise.In order to avoid the monopoly of data, the idle data and the infringement of other exclusive rights, the data right can be balanced between the right of control and the right of use.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.2

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