论植物遗传资源的品种权保护研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 16:00

本文选题：植物遗传资源 + 植物新品种权　；参考：《广西师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：众所周知,所有植物的遗传基础就是遗传资源,比如目前现存所有植物的基因和非基因的序列信息。这些序列信息大部分是重复的,比如地上的野草,春风吹又生,但是有些序列信息则是稀少的且具有潜在价值的,这些都是需要我们保护的。中国幅员辽阔,草原、森林、土地上孕育着数以万计的基因,植物遗传资源十分丰富。农业发展具有悠久的历史,包括粮食作物和经济作物等在内的作物遗传资源是植物遗传资源的重要组成部分,要保护好这个大型基因库,使作物能够顺利繁殖,需要我们做出比以往更大的努力。与此同时,我们也面临着很多来自各方的威胁,比如生物海盗、比如遗传资源逐渐减少甚至殆尽等等。但是如何使这些潜在的植物遗传资源优势得到保护和开发利用,变成了众多专家学者以及普通百姓都急需考虑的问题。很多专家学者从法律层面探讨了应该运用何种方式进行保护,有些主张利用公法,因为植物遗传资源是归国家所有；有些主张运用私法,这样更有利于维护育种者、开发者的积极性,以便创造更多更优质的植物。本文目的就是通过研究植物遗传资源的新品种权保护模式,探讨如何让这种保护模式更好地保护植物遗传资源,从而更有利于保护生物多样性。本文从四个部分论述植物遗传资源新品种权的保护：第一部分要研究清楚遗传资源保护与植物新品种权的关系。通过弄清这两个核心概念里面包含的各种定义的内涵及外延,才能更好地对研究课题展开研究。首先从介绍遗传资源入手,详细介绍植物遗传资源；同时引出植物品种和植物新品种的联系与区别。再对植物遗传资源品种权保护进行学理分析,明确植物遗传资源新品种权的法律特征以及要取得植物新品种权应该具备哪些条件。第二部分重点分析了我国植物遗传资源的基本情况和保护现状。由我国遗传资源既丰富又较难保护的基本情况开始,指出我国目前较多地是运用公法对植物遗传资源进行保护,而私法中保护措施不够完善,重点对比了品种权保护与专利权保护。提出我国现行的保护措施存在立法和配套政策不完善、技术支撑体系建设滞后、保护质量不高等问题。第三部分主要介绍了国际上保护植物遗传资源的公约,如《植物新品种保护国际公约》(UPOV公约)、《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(TRIPS协议)、《生物多样性公约》(Conventionon Biological Diversity)等。同时还阐述了美国和印度这两个典型国家的植物新品种保护制度基本内容和相关法律法规,得出了对我国完善植物遗传资源新品种保护的启示。第四部分研究我国对植物遗传资源品种权保护的制度完善。从立法层面,从审查层面,从行政执法层面,从司法层面,从意识层面,从国际层面等六个方面进行研究,对我国目前的《植物新品种保护条例》进行完善,吸收国外经验,考虑将条例提高到法律层次,使其与相关法律、法规协调统一。加强执法力度,完善技术支撑体系,妥善处理侵权问题,强调法律宣传力度,提高法律意识等。通过研究,我们可以知道,植物遗传资源可以产生巨大的经济效益,农民对植物遗传资源的保护和改进,几乎是依赖于农民的种子储备和交换。通过植物新品种权制度这种专门制度进行保护,规定育种者权利和农民权利,更好更全面地保护了植物新品种,进而有利于保护植物遗传资源。这种方式更适合目前中国的国情——即农民生活贫困,生物技术、农林等相关产业发展落后的客观状况,避免了其他方式(例如专利)保护带来的昂贵成本。
[Abstract]:It is well known that the genetic basis of all plants is genetic resources, such as the genetic and non genetic sequence information of all existing plants. The sequence information is mostly repetitive, such as the grass on the ground, the spring wind and the spring wind, but some sequence information is rare and potentially valuable, all of which require us to protect China has a vast territory, grasslands, forests, and land with thousands of genes and abundant genetic resources for plants. Agricultural development has a long history, and crop genetic resources, including grain crops and economic crops, are important components of plant genetic resources. In the meantime, we need to make greater efforts than ever before. At the same time, we are faced with many threats from all sides, such as biological pirates, such as the gradual reduction and depletion of genetic resources, etc. but how to protect and exploit these potential plant genetic resources has become a large number of experts and scholars, as well as many experts and scholars. Many experts and scholars have discussed the way of protection from the legal level. Some advocate the use of public law, because plant genetic resources are owned by the state; some advocate the use of private law, which is more conducive to maintaining the enthusiasm of the breeders and developers in order to create more quality and better quality. The purpose of this paper is to explore how to protect plant genetic resources better by studying the new species rights protection model of plant genetic resources and to protect biodiversity.
This article from the protection of four parts of new plant genetic resources for the right:
The first part is to study the relationship between the protection of genetic resources and the new plant species rights. Through the understanding of the connotation and extension of the various definitions contained in the two core concepts, we can make a better study on the research topic. First of all, the genetic resources are introduced in detail from the introduction of genetic resources, and plant varieties and plants are also introduced. The relationship and difference between the new varieties and the variety rights of the plant genetic resources are analyzed, and the legal characteristics of the new plant genetic resources and the conditions to obtain the new plant species rights should be made clear.
The second part focuses on the analysis of the basic situation and protection status of plant genetic resources in China. From the basic situation of rich and difficult protection of China's genetic resources, it is pointed out that the protection of plant genetic resources by public law is mostly used in our country at present, while the protection measures in private law are not perfect, and the protection of variety rights and the special protection are compared. Rights protection. The protective measures are put forward in China's existing legislation and supporting policies are not perfect, technical support system construction lag, protect the quality is not high.
The third part mainly introduces the International Convention on the protection of plant genetic resources, such as the International Convention for the protection of new plants (UPOV), the agreement on trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), the Conventionon Biological Diversity and so on. Meanwhile, the plants of the two typical countries of the United States and India are also described. The basic content of new variety protection system and relevant laws and regulations, draw on Perfection of plant genetic resources for the protection of new varieties of enlightenment.
The fourth part studies the system of the protection of plant genetic resources in our country. From the legislative level, from the level of review, from the level of administrative law enforcement, from the judicial level, from the consciousness level, from the international level, six aspects are studied, the current "new plant species protection regulations" in China are perfected, the foreign experience is absorbed and the regulations are considered. To improve the legal level, to harmonize it with relevant laws and regulations, to strengthen the enforcement of law, to improve the technical support system, to properly handle the issue of tort, to emphasize the publicity of the law and to raise the awareness of the law.
Through research, we can know that plant genetic resources can produce great economic benefits. The protection and improvement of plant genetic resources by farmers almost depend on the seed reserve and exchange of farmers. Through the special system of plant new seed weight system, the farmers' rights and farmers' rights are set up, and the farmers' rights and farmers' rights are set up better and more comprehensive. To protect the new varieties of plants and to protect the genetic resources of plants, this way is more suitable for the current situation in China, namely, the poor development of farmers living in poverty, biotechnology, agroforestry and other related industries, avoiding the expensive costs of other ways (such as patent) protection.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.4

【参考文献】