中国汉字规划研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 09:13

  本文选题：汉语规划 + 汉字规划　； 参考：《武汉大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：长期以来,学界一直将汉字规划视为汉语规划的有机组成部分。由于汉字是记录汉语的最重要的辅助性交际工具,因此上述观点不仅反映了汉字和汉语的密切关系,也维护了汉语规划研究的完整性。然而,面对当前日益严重的中国社会汉字问题,我们也应从汉字的自身特点出发,重视并强调汉字规划的相对独立性,充分发挥汉字规划的社会功能。基于此,本文以“中国汉字规划研究”作为论文选题,集中解答了以下五方面问题。(1)为何要开展专门性的汉字规划研究?汉字规划的属性和定义是什么?(2)中国汉字规划经历了怎样的古今演变?(3)其他地区和国家的汉字规划实践,为我们提供了哪些经验?(4)中国汉字规划的主要范畴是什么?其划分依据和理论内涵又是什么?(5)当前的中国汉字规划问题有哪些?我们应如何有效应对?虽然汉字规划对汉语规划存在一定的依附性,但其独立性也十分显著。换言之,汉字规划兼具依附性和独立性两重属性。这一观点可由汉字规划的社会功能来证实。我们认为,国家认同、社会交往、教育启蒙和文化传播是汉字规划的主要社会功能。一方面,由于汉字规划在国家认同功能和社会交往功能方面是汉语规划的有益补充,因此它在一定程度上依附于汉语规划而存在；另一方面,由于汉字的形体表意性和文化传承性赋予了汉字规划超越汉语规划的特殊功能优势——教育启蒙功能和文化传播功能,因此汉字规划的独立性也十分鲜明。据此,我们应在承认汉字规划依附性的基础上,强调和重视汉字规划的相对独立性,并将汉字规划作为独立的学术概念加以界定。所谓汉字规划,是指政府、社团、学者或个人通过颁行汉字政策、制定汉字法律、编写汉字规范等方式,对汉字的政治地位、本体要素(主要包括汉字的字形、字音、字量、字序等)、社会使用、国内教育和海外传播等方面所进行的前瞻性的动态引导与调节,旨在妥善解决与汉字密切相关的社会问题,使汉字更好地服务于社会。从古到今,中国汉字规划先后经历了启蒙与成长、变革与探索、改革与稳进等阶段。经过数千年的演变,中国汉字规划不仅建立起了较为完备的行政指导体系,实践范围也不断扩大,全面涵盖了汉字地位、汉字字形、汉字字音、汉字字量、汉字字序、汉字典籍、社会用字、汉字教育、汉字传播和汉字社会活动等规划领域。不同历史时期的汉字规划特点如下：启蒙时期(先秦时期)的汉字规划内容简单、形式原始；成长时期(秦代-清代)的汉字规划注重汉字统一,服务于专制统治；变革与探索时期(民国时期)的汉字规划注重汉字改良,突出汉字普及；改革与稳进时期(新中国时期)的汉字规划注重宏观引导,强调汉字规范。除中国大陆外,我国的香港、澳门、台湾地区和日本、韩国、新加坡、马来西亚、泰国等汉字文化圈国家的汉字规划经验,也值得探讨与学习。香港、澳门地区的汉字规划经验表现为双文政策和繁简由之,台湾地区的汉字规划经验表现为繁体为正和简体为用,日本的规划经验表现为分门别类和注重应用,韩国的汉字规划经验表现为教育为先和韩汉并用,新加坡的汉字规划经验表现为全面简化和数位教学,马来西亚和泰国的汉字规划经验表现为顺时简化和简化推广。中国汉字规划具有政治范畴、社会范畴、教育范畴和传播范畴四个主要范畴。四大范畴的划分依据为：第一,避免了类型划分的弊端；第二,与汉字规划的社会功能相互照应,突出了本文的理论主线；第三,有助于揭示中国汉字规划的本质与规律。四大范畴的理论内涵为：政治范畴是指汉字的政治地位规划,它以封建时期的显隐之辨、民国时期的存废之争和新中国时期的文字平等为代表；社会范畴是指汉字的社会使用规划,它以封建时期的汉字统一、民国时期的汉字改良和新中国时期的汉字标准制定为代表；教育范畴是指汉字的国内教育规划,它以封建时期的汉字强权、民国以后的汉字启蒙和近年来的汉字能力建设为代表；传播范畴是指汉字的海外传播规划,它以封建时期的汉字交流、新中国成立初期的汉字教学和2000年以后的汉字推广为代表。当前的汉字规划问题可以分为四类：政治问题、社会问题、教育问题和传播问题。其中,政治问题包括字母词的地位界定和汉字国际地位规划,社会问题包括繁体字的境内使用、地名用字规范、人名用字规范、网络用字管理和汉字信息产业建设,教育问题包括汉字教育安全维护和汉字书写能力提升,传播问题包括简化字的境外推广和对外汉字传播探索。我们建议：在开展字母词地位界定时,应明确字母词的性质,区分字母词的政治地位和功能地位。在开展汉字国际地位规划时,应避免文字霸权主义,积极应对大国文字的挑战,以获取国际话语权为规划核心。在开展繁体字的境内使用规划时,应理清简繁字关系,巩固简化字的社会通用地位,制定专门性的“繁体字表”,开展多种类型的繁体字活动。在开展地名用字规划时,应将规范观与实用观相结合,地名选字与文化传承相结合,政府、公众、企业利益相结合,本土化与国际化相结合。在开展人名用字规划时,应吸取他国的规划经验,开展人名用字动态监测,完善人名用字法规建设,研制推荐性人名用字表。在开展网络用字管理时,应认清网络新字的作用与性质,对其使用范围加以限制。在开展汉字信息产业建设时,应树立知识产权保护意识,健全汉字信息法律建设,注重汉字信息行业升级。在维护国内汉字教育安全时,应提高汉字教育安全意识,重视各阶段的汉字教育,合理部署外文教育战略。在提升全民汉字书写能力时,应正视“提笔忘字”问题,加强汉字书写教育,勿忘汉字文化之根。在完善简化字的境外推广时,应摒弃简繁对立的错误观念,发挥简化字固有的形体优势,增加简化字文化介绍。在开展对外汉字传播规划时,应增强宏观政策引导,构建对外汉字传播模式,开辟汉字文化走廊。
[Abstract]:For a long time, Chinese language planning has been regarded as an integral part of Chinese planning. Since Chinese characters are the most important auxiliary communication tools to record Chinese, this view not only reflects the close relationship between Chinese and Chinese, but also maintains the integrity of Chinese planning research. However, it is faced with the increasingly serious Chinese society. On the issue of Chinese characters, we should pay attention to and emphasize the relative independence of Chinese character planning and give full play to the social function of Chinese character planning. Based on this, this paper takes "Chinese character planning research" as the topic of the thesis and focuses on the following five questions. (1) why do we carry out special Chinese character planning research? What are the attributes and definitions of word planning? (2) what are the ancient and modern evolvement of Chinese character planning? (3) what experience have been provided for the planning practice of Chinese characters in other regions and countries? (4) what are the main categories of Chinese character planning, and what is its division basis and theory connotation? (5) what is the problem of Chinese character planning at present How should we deal with it effectively? Although Chinese character planning has a certain dependence on Chinese planning, its independence is also very significant. In other words, the planning of Chinese characters has dual attributes of dependence and independence. This view can be confirmed by the social function of the planning of Chinese characters. We recognize that national identity, social interaction, educational enlightenment and culture are recognized. Communication is the main social function of Chinese character planning. On the one hand, because the planning of Chinese characters is a beneficial supplement to the national identity function and social communication function, it is dependent on the Chinese planning to a certain extent. On the other hand, the form meaning and cultural inheritance of the Chinese characters endow the Chinese characters with the planning transcendence. The special function advantage of Chinese language planning, educational enlightenment function and cultural communication function, therefore, the independence of Chinese character planning is also very distinct. Accordingly, we should emphasize and attach importance to the relative independence of Chinese character planning on the basis of admitting the dependence of Chinese character planning, and define the Chinese character planning as an independent academic concept. Word planning refers to the forward-looking and dynamic guidance and adjustment of the government, association, scholar or individual through the promulgation of the policy of Chinese characters, the formulation of Chinese character laws, and the compilation of Chinese characters, the political status of the Chinese characters, the main elements of the Chinese characters, including the characters of characters, words, words, word order, etc., social use, domestic education and overseas communication. In order to solve the social problems closely related to Chinese characters and make Chinese characters better serve the society, the planning of Chinese characters has experienced the stages of enlightenment and growth, reform and exploration, reform and steady progress from ancient times to the present. After thousands of years of evolution, Chinese character planning has not only established a relatively complete administrative guidance system, and the practice of Chinese character planning has not only been established. The scope also expands, covering the status of Chinese characters, Chinese characters, Chinese characters, characters, characters, Chinese characters, Chinese characters, Chinese characters, Chinese character education, Chinese character communication and Chinese character social activities. The characteristics of Chinese character planning in different historical periods are as follows: the content of Chinese character planning in the period of Enlightenment (pre Qin period) is simple and form The planning of Chinese characters in the period of growth (Qin Dynasty and Qing Dynasty) focused on the unification of Chinese characters and the rule of autocracy; the planning of Chinese characters in the period of change and exploration (during the period of the Republic of China) paid attention to the improvement of Chinese characters and highlighted the popularity of Chinese characters; the Chinese character planning in the period of reform and stability (in the period of new China) emphasized the macro guidance and emphasized the standard of Chinese characters. In Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan region and Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and other Chinese characters and culture countries, the experience of Chinese character planning is also worth exploring and learning. The experience of the planning of Chinese characters in Hongkong and Macao is manifested by the dual policy and simplicity. The experience of the planning of Chinese characters in the Taiwan area is shown as the traditional and simple use of the Chinese characters in the Taiwan area. The experience of the planning is classified and applied. The experience of the planning of Chinese characters in Korea is shown as the first and the Han Dynasty. The experience of the planning of Chinese characters in Singapore is simplified and digital teaching. The experience of the planning of Chinese characters in Malaysia and Thailand is simplified and simplified. The planning of Chinese characters has a political model. The four main categories of domain, social category, educational category and communication category. The basis of the division of four categories is: first, avoid the malpractice of type division; second, the social function of the Chinese character planning is complementary to each other, which highlights the theoretical main line of this article; third, it helps to reveal the essence and law of the Chinese character planning. The theory of the four major categories The connotation is: the political category refers to the political status planning of Chinese characters. It is represented by the discernment of the explicit hidden feudalism period, the controversy over the abolition of the Republic of China during the period of the Republic of China and the equality of words in the new China period; the social category refers to the social use planning of Chinese characters. It is unified in the feudal period of Chinese characters, the improvement of Chinese characters in the period of the people's country and the Chinese characters in the new China period. Standard formulation is the representative; the category of education refers to the domestic education plan of Chinese characters. It is represented by the strong power of Chinese characters in the feudal period, the Enlightenment of Chinese characters after the Republic of China and the construction of Chinese character ability in recent years. The scope of communication refers to the overseas communication planning of Chinese characters. It is exchanged in feudal times, and the Chinese character teaching and 2000 in the early days of the founding of new China. The current Chinese characters can be popularized as the representative. The current problems of Chinese character planning can be divided into four categories: political, social, education and communication. Among them, political issues include the definition of the status of the alphabet and the international status of Chinese characters, social problems including the use of traditional characters, the standard of the use of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of the names of people, and the norms of the names and characters of the names of people. The management of the collaterals and the construction of the Chinese character information industry include the safety maintenance of Chinese characters and the improvement of the writing ability of Chinese characters. The communication problems include the extension of the simplified Chinese characters abroad and the exploration of the dissemination of Chinese characters. When carrying out the planning of the international status of Chinese characters, we should avoid the hegemonism of the characters, actively respond to the challenge of the characters of the great powers, and take the international discourse power as the core of the planning. In the development of the domestic use planning of the traditional Chinese characters, we should clear the relationship of the simple characters, consolidate the social status of the simplified characters, and formulate the special "traditional form" and carry out a lot of development. In the development of the planning of the type of geographical names, we should combine the standard concept and the practical view, combine the geographical names and the cultural inheritance, combine the government, the public, the enterprise interests, and combine the localization with the internationalization. In carrying out the planning of the names of people, we should absorb the planning experience of his country, carry out the dynamic monitoring of the characters of the names of people, and perfect the dynamic monitoring of the names of people. In the development of the Chinese character information industry, we should establish the awareness of the protection of intellectual property, improve the legal construction of Chinese character information, and pay attention to the upgrading of the Chinese character information industry. In protecting the safety of Chinese character education in China, we should improve the awareness of Chinese character education security, attach importance to the education of Chinese characters in various stages and rationally deploy the strategy of foreign language education. In order to improve the writing ability of Chinese characters, we should face the problem of "forget the words of the pen", strengthen the education of Chinese characters and forget the root of the Chinese character culture. In carrying out the planning of the spread of Chinese characters, we should strengthen the guidance of macro policy, construct the mode of communication of Chinese characters, and open up the cultural corridor of Chinese characters.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：H12
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本文编号：2056627