专利制度对生物遗传资源的保护研究

发布时间：2018-09-12 21:04

【摘要】：生物遗传资源是人类生存和社会发展的基础,具有重要的战略意义。但随着社会经济和生物技术的逐渐发展,人类对生物遗传资源的需求也不断增加,从而造成生物遗传资源面临物种消减、生物被盗、生物技术战略挑战等问题,而且关于生物遗传资源及其相关传统知识的占有、获取、分享和保护等问题一直是国际知识产权法领域争论的焦点,所以亟须加强生物遗传资源知识产权法律保护。其中,专利制度保护占据重要的作用。我国《专利法》将生物遗传资源保护纳入其中,规定生物遗传资源获取和来源披露制度,但规定比较笼统,仍需进一步完善立法。所以,本文通过分析我国立法现状及考察国际和其他国家立法,提出完善我国专利制度保护生物遗传资源制度设计的几点建议。全文共分为前言、正文、结论三大部分。论文的前言部分介绍了本文研究的背景和研究的意义、国内外研究现状、研究内容和研究方法,以及创新和不足。正文共分为四个部分：第一部分是专利制度与生物遗传资源的关系概述。这个部分首先界定生物遗传资源的概念及其特征,归纳出生物遗传资源具有对象的不确定性、有形性和无形性、可利用性与不可再生性、区域性、信息共享性及权利主体的多元性。从分析生物遗传资源的特征可知保护生物遗传资源的复杂性。继而阐述当前保护生物遗传资源重要的三大原则：国家主权原则、事先知情同意原则和惠益分享原则。这三项原则的确立,在国际层面上改变了过去生物遗传资源“人类共有”、“无偿取得”、“流动无国界”的状况,保障了生物遗传资源所在国的利益。其次,对专利制度进行阐述,分析了专利制度的概念及特点,论述专利制度的激励理论和平衡理论。最后,论述专利制度与生物遗传资源保护之间的基本关系,阐明专利制度与生物遗传资源保护制度之间的联系越来越密切。论证生物遗传资源不能成为专利权客体的困境,推导出专利制度保护生物遗传资源的可行性方式即防御性保护。第二部分是我国专利制度对生物遗传资源的保护。本部分首先概括我国当前《专利法》等相关法律对生物遗传资源保护的现状,说明虽然我国专利制度在保护生物遗传资源方面己取得较大发展,但仍存在问题,如我国《专利法》中事先知情同意制度和惠益分享制度缺位、《专利法》遗传资源披露条款存在缺陷、《专利法》对生物遗传资源的侵权责任法律制度规定存在缺陷、生物遗传资源专利及相关管理部门缺少等问题。第三部分是国外对生物遗传资源专利法律保护的考察。首先通过对《生物多样性公约》(CBD)、《波恩准则》、《名古屋议定书》、《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》这四部国际公约或文件的考察,了解其对生物遗传资源专利保护的相关规定；其次考察主要国家和地区对生物遗传资源专利法律保护,选取美国、印度和欧盟这三个比较典型的国家和地区进行具体分析；最后通过对国际公约及主要国家和地区的法律规定的分析和考察,总结出完善我国生物遗传资源保护相关法律的启示：积极参与生物遗传资源国际规则的制定、制定生物遗传资源保护专门法、专利法律制度与其他法律相互配合、明确政府在生物遗传资源利用和保护中的主导地位。第四部分是进一步完善以我国专利制度为主体保护生物遗传资源的基本设想。通过分析我国现状和不足以及对国际公约和其他国家法律的借鉴,得出完善我国专利制度保护生物遗传资源制度设计的几点建议：第一,建立并完善事先知情同意制度；第二,建立并完善惠益分享制度；第三,完善生物遗传资源信息披露制度；第四,完善生物遗传资源侵权责任制度；第五,建立生物遗传资源专门管理部门。研究结果表明,专利制度在生物遗传资源保护方面起到重要的防御作用。也就是说在生物遗传资源保护中专利制度起到辅助保护作用,真正直接规定生物遗传资源获取和利用内容应该是生物遗传资源保护的专门立法。所以在当前专利制度框架内完善生物遗传资源保护相关条款,同时加快生物遗传资源专门法的制定,两种制度结合相辅相成,共同保护我国生物遗传资源。
[Abstract]:Biogenetic resources are the basis of human survival and social development, and have important strategic significance. However, with the gradual development of social economy and biotechnology, human demand for biological genetic resources is also increasing, resulting in biogenetic resources facing species reduction, biological theft, biotechnology strategic challenges and other issues. The possession, acquisition, sharing and protection of biological genetic resources and related traditional knowledge have been the focus of international intellectual property law. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the legal protection of intellectual property rights of biological genetic resources. The system of obtaining and disclosing biogenetic resources is stipulated, but the regulations are more general, and the legislation still needs to be further improved. Therefore, this paper puts forward some suggestions on perfecting the system of protecting biogenetic resources in China's patent system by analyzing the current legislation situation in China and reviewing the legislation in other countries.
The full text is divided into three parts: preface, text and conclusion.
The preface of the paper introduces the background and significance of the research, the research status at home and abroad, the research contents and methods, as well as the innovation and deficiencies.
The text is divided into four parts.
The first part is an overview of the relationship between patent system and biogenetic resources.This part first defines the concept and characteristics of biogenetic resources,and concludes that biogenetic resources have uncertainty of objects,tangibility and invisibility,availability and non-renewability,regionality,information sharing and pluralism of rights subjects. The characteristics of biological genetic resources reveal the complexity of the protection of biological genetic resources, and then elaborates three important principles for the protection of biological genetic resources: the principle of national sovereignty, the principle of prior informed consent and the principle of benefit sharing. The situation of "free acquisition" and "no boundaries for movement" guarantees the interests of the country where the biogenetic resources are located. Secondly, the patent system is elaborated, the concept and characteristics of the patent system are analyzed, and the incentive theory and the balance theory of the patent system are discussed. Finally, the basic relationship between the patent system and the protection of biogenetic resources is expounded. The relationship between patent system and biogenetic resources protection system is becoming closer and closer. This paper demonstrates the predicament that biogenetic resources can not be the object of patent right, and deduces the feasible way of patent system to protect biogenetic resources, that is, defensive protection.
The second part is the protection of biological genetic resources by the patent system in China. This part first summarizes the current situation of the protection of biological genetic resources by the relevant laws, such as the Patent Law, and explains that although the patent system in China has made great progress in the protection of biological genetic resources, there are still problems, such as prior knowledge in the Patent Law of China. The absence of consent system and benefit sharing system, the flaws in the disclosure clause of genetic resources in the Patent Law, the flaws in the legal system of tort liability for biological genetic resources in the Patent Law, and the lack of patents for biological genetic resources and related administrative departments.
The third part is the overseas investigation of the patent protection of biogenetic resources. To investigate the legal protection of biogenetic resources patents in the major countries and regions, three typical countries and regions, namely the United States, India and the European Union, are selected for specific analysis. Finally, through the analysis and investigation of international conventions and the legal provisions of major countries and regions, we summarize the relevant laws to improve the protection of biogenetic resources in China. Enlightenment: Actively participate in the formulation of international rules for the protection of biological genetic resources, formulate a special law for the protection of biological genetic resources, patent law system and other laws to cooperate with each other, clear the dominant position of the government in the utilization and protection of biological genetic resources.
The fourth part is the basic idea of further improving the protection of biogenetic resources with China's patent system as the main body. Through the analysis of China's current situation and shortcomings as well as the reference to international conventions and other countries'laws, this paper puts forward some suggestions for perfecting the design of China's patent system for the protection of biogenetic resources: first, to establish and improve in advance. Informed consent system; Second, establish and improve the benefit sharing system; Third, improve the biogenetic resources information disclosure system; Fourth, improve the biogenetic resources tort liability system; Fifth, establish a special management department of biogenetic resources.
The results show that the patent system plays an important defensive role in the protection of biogenetic resources. That is to say, the patent system plays a supplementary role in the protection of biogenetic resources, and it should be a special legislation for the protection of biogenetic resources to directly stipulate the content of the acquisition and utilization of biogenetic resources. Within the framework of the system, the relevant provisions on the protection of biological genetic resources should be perfected, and the formulation of the special law on biological genetic resources should be speeded up. The two systems should be combined to complement each other and jointly protect China's biological genetic resources.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923.42

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