美国居民生活用能状况与趋势:30年微观调查数据分析

发布时间：2018-04-02 18:26

本文选题：美国　切入点：居民部门　出处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2017年06期

【摘要】：随着居民部门用能快速增长,各国都在致力于观察本国居民能源消费特征以减少碳排放,特别是发达国家。本文应用近30年的微观调查数据分析美国居民能源消费现状和趋势,为发展中国家提供一些借鉴意义。从总量上看,伴随着人口、家庭数量和建筑面积的上升,能源消费总量变化较小,趋于稳定;人均用能则呈下降趋势。从用能结构来看,以天然气和电力为主,2009年分别占比44%和41%;近30年来天然气占比小幅下降,电力占比上升明显;完善的天然气设施和电力服务体系使得能源可获得性高。从用途分类来看,取暖和家电占绝大比例,2009年分别占比41%和35%;取暖用能近30年来出现平缓下降趋势,燃料来源70%是天然气;家电设备用能占比明显上升,增长近1倍;制冷占比较小,近年出现小幅上升;热水用能则比较稳定。家庭炊事燃料以电力和天然气为主,2009年分别占比60%和34%。近30年,家用电器保有量和能源效率有显著提高。建筑用能方面,美国房屋服务时间长,后期建筑房屋在保温性能方面高于早期房屋,单位面积耗能下降。美国居民享受着较高水平的能源服务,能源消费总量在近30年没有明显变化,这和能源效率的提高有着密切关系;如完善的"能源之星"项目是一个强有力的措施,以及完善的能源统计制度为能源分析提供了有力的数据支撑。相比,中国存在居民炊事用能固体燃料占比较高、建筑服务周期短、建筑材料耗能比重大等问题。建议中国政府进一步完善能源统计制度、推行农村能源扶持项目和能源标识、加强建筑规划、落实建筑能耗标准。
[Abstract]:With the rapid growth of energy use in the residential sector, countries are working to observe their own energy consumption characteristics to reduce carbon emissions, especially in developed countries.This paper analyzes the current situation and trend of energy consumption in the United States by using the microcosmic survey data of nearly 30 years, which provides some reference significance for developing countries.With the increase of population, household number and building area, the total energy consumption changes slightly and tends to be stable, while the per capita energy use tends to decrease.From the point of view of energy use structure, natural gas and electricity mainly account for 44% and 41% respectively in 2009; in recent 30 years, the proportion of natural gas decreased slightly, the proportion of electricity increased significantly; the perfect natural gas facilities and power service system made the energy availability high.According to the classification of use, heating and household appliances accounted for the majority, accounting for 41% and 35% respectively in 2009, the heating energy showed a gentle downward trend in the past 30 years, 70% of the fuel source was natural gas, the proportion of energy used in household appliances increased obviously, nearly doubled;Refrigeration is relatively small, in recent years there is a small increase; hot water use is relatively stable.Household cooking fuels are dominated by electricity and natural gas, accounting for 60% and 34% respectively in 2009.In the past 30 years, the amount of household appliances and energy efficiency have improved significantly.In terms of building energy, the service time of American houses is long, the thermal insulation performance of later buildings is higher than that of early buildings, and the energy consumption per unit area is decreased.American residents enjoy a high level of energy services, and the total amount of energy consumption has not changed significantly in the past 30 years, which is closely related to the improvement of energy efficiency; for example, the perfect Energy Star program is a powerful measure.And the perfect energy statistics system provides the powerful data support for the energy analysis.In contrast, there are many problems in China, such as high consumption of solid fuel for cooking, short construction service cycle and large proportion of energy consumption of building materials.It is suggested that the Chinese government should further improve the energy statistics system, promote rural energy support projects and energy labelling, strengthen building planning, and implement building energy consumption standards.
【作者单位】：北京理工大学管理与经济学院;北京理工大学能源与环境政策研究中心;北京电动车辆协同创新中心;暨南大学管理学院;
【基金】：国家重点研发计划课题“能源结构对碳排放强度的作用规律及参数化”(批准号:2016YFA0602801) 国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目“能源经济与气候政策”(批准号:71322306);国家自然科学基金面上项目“考虑要素禀赋差异的各国各行业碳排放轨迹集成比较研究及其对我国的启示”(批准号:71273027),“农户燃料选择行为及其对健康和社会经济的影响研究”(批准号:71673026)
【分类号】：F416.2

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