“国家如何整合本地人的习惯性土地权利，成为赞比亚经济发展的投资目标？”

发布时间：2016-05-11 13:41

1.0 Background背景

贫困的可持续的生活保障通过土地，这是一个主要的资源，带来了一种归属感，社会身份和权力。一种提供自给自足的资源和一种对冲贫穷的资源。土地对农村贫困，技术将在第一世界国家是宝贵的。这是土著人的财富，应该是任何政府的良好意愿分配它的人。另一方面明显的情况表明，农村贫困者已经流离失所，为了获得土地的法律的同意。土地兼并造成的人被排除在他们的大众狩猎、放牧、礼仪聚会，收集柴火，钓鱼一般水权（潮汽，2004）。人们的位移也被称为“土地攫取”的结果，并通过前殖民时期的时代向近代。
根据博拉斯和佛朗哥（2012）“抢地”指的是最近的跨国商业土地交易生产和出口食品，通常与动物饲料、生物燃料、木材和矿物。掠夺土地，否则称为租赁是由于食品价格危机的国家短了2007-08年的土地和水资源1被全球市场推寻求替代食物的地方可以生产（如中国）。这导致了发展中国家的目标是土地，水和廉价的劳动力是在丰富的供应。然而，这是当地的穷人在这个初级资源风险失去他们的访问和控制问题（布劳恩和meinzen Dick，2009）。
在一般情况下，第三世界国家都是向外国投资者租赁土地。在大多数情况下，政府有权转让土地的假设下是可用土地的习惯，，把公民的土地在全球市场上没有他们的同意。因此，政府是土地掠夺者作为投资者在接收端在他们的要求。这个概念导致了大多数人在自己的土地上，农村居民。土地被抵押更容易不过的大片土地作为公共土地仍由政府重新分配。重点投资的土地上已丰富收入贫穷的撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区土地习惯值是相当便宜的，习惯保有法律不清、劳动力成本低廉（老谋深算，2010）
Sustainable livelihoods among the poor are ensured through land which is a prime resource that brings about a sense of belonging, social identity and power. A resource which provides self sufficiency and a hedge against poverty. Land is as valuable to the rural poor as technology would be in first world countries. It is the wealth of the indigenous people and should be any governments good intention to equitably distribute it among its people. On the other hand evident cases have shown that the rural poor have been displaced in order for the elite to acquire the land with the consent of the law. Land acquisitions have resulted in  people being excluded from their commonage for hunting, animal grazing, ceremonial gatherings, firewood gathering, fishing as general rights to water (ZLA, 2004). The displacement of people is also as a result of what is known as land grabbing and has sailed through pre-colonial times to recent times.
According to Borras and Franco (2012) 'land grab' refers to the recent transnational commercial land transactions commonly related to the production and export of food, animal feed, bio fuels, timber and minerals. The land grab, otherwise known as leasing is as a result of the food price crisis of 2007-08 where countries that are short on land and water resources 1have been pushed by global markets to seek alternative areas where food can be produced (eg China). This has led to developing countries being targeted where land, water and cheap labour are in abundant supply. However, there is concern for the local poor people who risk losing their access and control over this primary resource (Braun and Meinzen-Dick, 2009).
In general, third world countries are leasing land to foreign investors. In most cases, governments have the right to alienate land under the presumption that customary land is available, placing their citizens land on the global market without their consent. Hence the government are the land grabbers as investors are on the receiving end upon making their requests. This concept has resulted in majority rural landholders squatters on their own land. Land plots are being secured more easily but large tracts of land which are being used as communal land are still left for reallocation by governments. Focus of investment has been on land rich and income poor Sub Sahara Africa where values of customary land are reasonably cheap, customary tenure laws are unclear and cost of   labour is cheap (Wily, 2010) 

1.1 Research Problem 研究问题

Investment is celebrated in Zambia but rarely scrutinised in terms of costs and benefits especially where the poor local people are concerned. Focus has been on making stable economic reforms and policies to comply with the global market. In 1995 the Zambian Government, implemented a market based land reform  with the aim of stimulating investment and agricultural productivity to alleviate poverty in the country.
Table of Contents
1.0 Background 3
1.1 Research Problem 4
2. Literature Review 5
2.1 Land Tenure 5
2.2 Land Administration 5
2.2.1 Customary land 6
2.2.2 State Land 7
2.2.3 The 1995 land Act 7
2.3  Investment - Land Acquisitions 9
2.3.1. Who are the investors? 10
2.3.2 Why is demand on customary land high? 11
2.3.3. What are the impacts of demand on Customary Land? 13
3. Research Question 17
3.1 Objectives 17
3.2 Hypotheses 18
4. Sub Questions 18
4.1 Research Method 19
4.2 Study Design 20
5. Data Analysis 26
6. Dissertation Structure 27
7. Work Schedule 28
8. Limitations 28
References 29
Feedback from Minh 30
Reflection on feedback from Minh 30
Peer review – Srdjan Runjevac 31
Reflection on Feedback from Srdjan 31

4.2 Study Design研究设计

The main question of this research  is, How is the state integrating customary land  rights of the local people, into the investors objectives for economic development in  Zambia?
The main focus of the research is on the protection of the land rights of the people which are unexpectedly being taken away from them through overnight warnings or statements. To answer this question, desk research and qualitative research methods will be applied to gain results. The qualitative research will be inform of in-depth interviews and three case studies. In expectation, the result of the research will be show a perspective on where rural people are heading with regards to land rights in their country. This will also give an overview of how much consideration is being given to their livelihoods and culture as indigenous Zambian citizens who are purported to be the initial investors on their land throughout the generations. Moreover, the research will show how investment on indigenous land has affected the livelihoods of the rural people.
Included is the description of how each sub question is answered with a chosen method and the expected result of each sub question.
Sub question 1: What is land Tenure?
Method: Desk Research; gathering data through literature review 
Expected Result: To establish an overall perspective on what land tenure is and the types and characteristics of land tenure in Zambia. This will also how a perspective of the transition of land tenure from pre colonial to post independence regimes.

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