基于低空无人机遥感的城市湿地植被调查与景观化研究

发布时间：2018-03-01 15:22

本文关键词： 低空无人机遥感城市湿地植被调查景观化　出处：《沈阳农业大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：城市湿地是城市生态与景观的重要组成部分。城市湿地在规划与建设过程中,存在着湿地空间信息获取手段不适用、效率低以及对湿地认识不足、科学性不强等问题。本文以沈阳蒲河城市湿地为研究对象,分别选取两段具典型性的近自然城市湿地与景观化城市湿地,运用低空无人机遥感技术获取遥感影像,结合地面植被生态调查,对两个样段的湿地空间和湿地植被进行对比分析,以揭示近自然城市湿地植被与景观化城市湿地差异,为城市湿地的生态景观规划与建设提供科学依据。研究结果如下：1.低空无人机遥感影像空间分辨率为4.88cm,与Quick Bird的61 cm比较,提高了12倍。2.以形状、颜色、纹理、位置等影像特征为指标,通过目视解译,可将沈阳蒲河城市湿地空间划分为水体、河岸带、水田、沼泽地、池塘、人工绿地六个类型;以植被的形状、有无阴影、尺度大小等为指标,可判别出不同的湿地植被型组：以植物影像的质感、颜色差异,可划出不同植被群系的分布边界。3.近自然城市湿地与景观化城市湿地在空间构成、植物物种组成、植物生活型、生态型和群落组成方面,有如下差异与变化：(1)景观化城市湿地的水体、人工绿地面积明显高于近自然城市湿地;沼泽地明显减少,池塘与农田消失,河岸带面积略有增加。近自然城市湿地样段中水体14.33%,河岸带9.22%,沼泽地46.13%,农田17.11%,池塘4.36%。景观化城市湿地样段中水体的面积为31.47%,河岸带10.02%,沼泽地14.08%,农田 5.06%,人工绿地38.91%。(2)景观化城市湿地减少了原有的植物科属,增加了外来的科属。近自然城市湿地样段有植物60种,隶属20科38属。其中禾本科23.68%,菊科10.57%,藜科、睡莲科、蓼科、莎草科、杨柳科等均在5%以上；景观化城市湿地样段有植物57种,隶属30科47属,禾本科10.64%,菊科10.64%,蔷薇科6.38%,增加了桦木科、景天科、锦葵科、松科、榆科、十字花科、槭树科等外来植物,缺少了菱科、睡莲科、玄参科等湿地植物。(3)景观化城市湿地明显增加的乔木的比重。近自然城市湿地样段多年生草本43.33%,一年生草本33.33%,一二年生草本10%,乔木最少1.67%；景观化城市湿地样段多年生草本36.84%,一年生草本24.56%, 二年生草本12.28%,乔木17.54%。(4)近自然城市湿地的植物以湿生植物居多,旱生植物最少：景观化城市湿地则相反,旱生植物居多,湿生植物最少。近自然城市湿地样段中湿生植物最多,占样段总数的35%,其次水生植物26.67%,中生植物25%,旱生植物13.33%：景观化城市湿地样段中湿生植物和旱生植物都有29.82%,其次是中生植物28.07%,水生植物12.28%。(5)近自然城市湿地中,湿生植物群落丰富,面积占比较高;景观化城市湿地中,湿地植物群落明显减少。近自然城市湿地样段中菰群落占样段总面积的16.47%,芦苇群落14.63%,莲群落9.53%,东方蓼群落4.47%,稗草群落2.32%,加杨群落2.14%,芡实群落1.63%。景观化城市湿地样段中形成较大斑块的湿地植物群落有芦苇群落13.11%,香蒲群落5.04%。
[Abstract]:City wetland is an important part of city ecology and landscape of the city. In the process of wetland planning and construction, there is a wetland spatial information acquisition method is not applicable, low efficiency and lack of understanding of the problem of wetland science is not strong. The Pu River Wetland in Shenyang city as the research object, and selects two typical section. The wetland landscape of the city and the city near natural wetland, the use of low altitude UAV remote sensing technology to obtain the remote sensing image, combined with the ecological investigation of ground vegetation, comparative analysis of two kinds of wetland spatial segments and wetland vegetation, wetland vegetation in order to reveal the natural landscape of the city near the city and wetland differences, to provide a scientific basis for ecological landscape planning with the construction of city wetland. The results are as follows: 1. low altitude UAV remote sensing image spatial resolution of 4.88cm, Quick and Bird 61 cm, increased 12 times to.2. shape, Yan The color, texture, position of image features as the index, through visual interpretation, the Shenyang Pu river city wetland space is divided into water, riparian zone, paddy fields, marshes, ponds, six types of artificial vegetation; vegetation in shape, there is no shadow, size as index, can discriminate the wetland vegetation type groups: to plant image texture, color difference, can draw the distribution boundary.3. in different vegetation formations near natural wetland landscape of the city and city wetland in spatial structure, plant species composition, plant life form, composition and ecological communities, and changes are as follows: (1) the difference of city wetland landscape water, artificial green area was significantly higher than that of natural wetland near city; marshes decreased, ponds and farmland disappear, riparian area increased slightly. 14.33% in the waters near natural wetland city sample, river shore zone 9.22%, marsh 46.13%, farmland 17. 11%, the landscape of the city wetland pond 4.36%. sample water in the area of 31.47%, 10.02% riparian wetlands, farmland 14.08%, 5.06%, 38.91%. (2) artificial green landscape of the city wetland reduced the original species, increase of exotic genera. City near natural wetland Samples section of 60 kinds of plants, belonging to 20 families and 38 genera. Among the 23.68% grasses, 10.57% Compositae, Chenopodiaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Polygonaceae, Cyperaceae, Salicaceae were above 5%; the landscape of the city wetland sample of 57 kinds of plants, belonging to 30 families and 47 genera of Gramineae, Compositae Rosaceae 10.64%, 10.64%, 6.38%, increase of birch family, Crassulaceae, Malvaceae, Pinaceae, Ulmaceae, Cruciferae, exotic plants Aceraceae, lack of Trapaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Scrophulariaceae and other wetland plants. (3) the landscape of the city wetland increased significantly. The proportion of trees near natural wetland city like perennial herbs of section 43.33%, 33.33%, one or two Annual herbaceous 10%, at least 1.67% trees; landscape city wetland perennial herb of sample 36.84%, 24.56% annual, biennial 12.28%, 17.54%. trees (4) wetland plants in city near natural wetland plants are xerophytic plants at least: the landscape of the city wetland is opposite, xerophytes are hygrophytes, at least. Near natural wetland plants in city wetland like most, accounted for 35% of the total sample, followed by 26.67% in aquatic plants, 25% plants, 13.33% xerophytes: landscape of the city wetland in samples of wetland plants and xerophytes are plants in 29.82%, followed by 28.07%, 12.28%. (5) wetland aquatic plants near natural wetland plant communities in the city, rich area is relatively high; the landscape of the city wetland, wetland plant communities decreased significantly. 16.47% the total sample period of Zizania latifolia community product of near natural wetland city sample, reed community 14.6 3%, lotus 9.53% communities, 4.47% communities in Polygonum orientale, barnyard grass communities in 2.32% communities in 2.14%, poplar landscape city, Gorgon community 1.63%. wetland sample formed in wetland plant communities have 13.11% large patches of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia community 5.04%.

【学位授予单位】：沈阳农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q948;TP79

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