英国动物福利观念发展的研究

发布时间：2018-02-24 10:01

  本文关键词： 动物福利 英国 五大自由 马丁法案 动物机器 布兰贝尔报告　出处：《南京农业大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：英国的畜牧业的开端与其它大多数国家一样,是从狩猎活动开始,逐步地将某些野生动物圈养起来,然后将一些野生动物驯化成适宜于养殖的动物。这一过程经历了很长的时间,在漫漫的历史长河中,动物一直作为人类生存的食物的主要来源,人类与动物的关系也以各种方式被记录下来。圣经中存在人类与动物关系的描述,其思想是以人类为世界的中心,给予动物以一定程度上的关爱。圣经的人与动物的思想极大地影响着英国人对于动物的观念。在英国近代社会,人们开始激烈地争论人类与动物的关系问题。这一争论由于笛卡尔的把动物看作机器的论断而得到激化。英国众多学者从情感的角度来阐述人类与动物的关系问题,并认为动物和人类一样,也是具有感觉的生灵。这一期间的争论反映出英国所具有的关爱动物思想的社会观念基础,这对于日后的动物福利事业的发展具有基础性的作用。在这之后,随着英国社会的发展,人们开始产生了通过法律来保护动物的想法,并付诸实施。通过多次努力之后,英国于1822年通过了世界上第一部动物福利法律--《马丁法案》。在马丁法案得到通过之后,英国继续努力修改并制定其它动物福利法律,并逐步取得成功。1926年"动物福利大学联盟"标志着用科学方法来解决动物福利的开端。在以往的动物福利活动中,人们更多地是以情感为出发点来采取关爱动物的行动,但这存在着诸多问题。科学的方法使得动物福利事业在日后得到不断的长足进步。到了20世纪60年代,集约化动物养殖模式给动物的福利造成了极大的损害。哈里森的《动物机器》一书对英国集约化养殖状况作了比较全面的描述,该书在英国激起极大反响,在使人们了解到集约化养殖对动物的残忍事实的同时,也极大地触动了人们的良心。英国政府顺应了社会观念的要求,成立了"布兰贝尔委员会",专门对集约化养殖体系损害动物福利的情况进行调查,并将调查结果陈述于《布兰贝尔报告》之中。该报告诞生了著名的"五大自由思想",该思想成为日后动物福利科学研究的总体方向。由于《动物机器》一书对英国集约化养殖模式残忍事实的无情揭露,使得人们意识到原有的法律已经不足以解决动物养殖业中所出现的新型问题,这使得英国开始了对原有法律的修订,并逐步出台了专门性的动物福利法律。英国的动物福利法律更多地得到科学证据的支持。此时的畜牧科学、动物科学、以及兽医科学已经发展到比较发达的程度,当科学工作者们将动物福利的观念融入到自身的研究视野中时,动物福利科学作为一门新的学科而得以出现,其研究成果在更高层次得到整合,从而构成了动物福利立法和政策制定的证据基础。到了英国当代社会,动物福利已经得到社会公众的广泛接受。英国的动物福利非政府组织、大型零售商、畜牧业生产商等各个机构相互间进行合作和促进,形成了复杂而多样化的动物福利产品体系。商业竞争促使大型零售商主导的供应链不断提出高层次的动物福利标准,以期推出更具竞争性的动物福利产品,这些标准往往高于政府立法所制定的动物福利方面的最低限制,从而将英国的动物福利事业推向了超越法律的更高水平。而RSPCA这样的专门化的动物福利组织则制定了最高的动物福利标准。这样的机制对于动物福利向更高的层次发展起到了非常重要的作用。伴随着高标准的动物福利产品越来越得到社会公众的接受,英国政府也在不断修订和制定各种符合时代要求的动物福利法律。世界上各个国际组织(包括欧盟)的运作也包含动物福利方面的专门性规定,由于英国的动物福利法律和政策高于几乎所有国际组织,这使得英国在相关国际活动中遇到一些障碍。这反映出动物福利事业越来越具有国际化的特征,是当前英国乃至很多国家需要加以考虑的问题。对于英国动物福利事业的未来发展,英国政府、FAWC、以及UFAW分别阐述了各自的发展计划。UFAW倡导最基础的动物福利科学研究,并努力促进世界范围内动物福利事业的发展。FAWC对动物福利科学的基础研究成果进行整合,给出特定动物福利问题的意见和建议,以向英国政府提出咨询服务。英国政府根据动物福利科学的证据,进行立法活动以及政策制定方面的活动。纵观英国动物福利观念的发展,会发现其在路径上经历了"关爱-反残忍-法律-科学-社会标准"这样一个过程,其内在的发展规律值得我国在发展动物福利事业的过程中加以借鉴和应用。另外,我国的动物福利事业发展存在一个特殊问题,那就是对于动物福利的科学性缺乏足够认识,从而很有可能将动物福利与动物伦理地概念相混淆。因此,突出动物福利的科学性将成为我国动物福利事业起步阶段的重要任务之一。
[Abstract]:The beginning of the animal husbandry as with most other countries, from the beginning of hunting, gradually some wild animal in captivity, then some wild animal domestication into suitable breeding animal. This process has experienced a very long time, in the long historical long river, has been a major source of human animal the survival of the relationship between human and animal food, also in a variety of ways to be recorded. The relationship between human and animal is described in the Bible, the idea is taking human as the center of the world, to a certain extent for animal care. Human and animal Bible thought greatly influenced the British for the concept of animal in the United Kingdom. In modern society, people began to question arguments about the relationship between human and animal heat. This controversy because of Descartes's judgment and the animal as machines get intensified. Many scholars from Britain The emotional angle discusses the relation between human and animal, and that the animal and human beings, but also has the feeling of life. During this period the debate reflects the basic concept of the British Society of animal care thought, plays a basic role in the development of the day after the animal welfare. After that, with the development of British society, people began to have passed laws to protect the animal's idea, and put into practice. After several efforts, the United Kingdom in 1822 by the world's first animal welfare law - Martin act in Martin. The bill passed, the British continued efforts to modify and develop other animal welfare laws, and gradually the success of the.1926 "Animal Welfare University Alliance" marks the scientific method to solve the beginning of animal welfare. In the past, animal welfare activities, more and more people are taking The emotion as the starting point to take care of the animal action, but it has many problems. The scientific method makes the animal welfare has made great progress continuously in the day. By 1960s, intensive animal farming mode caused great damage to animal welfare. Harrison's "animal machine" a book for comparison a comprehensive description of English intensive farming conditions, the book aroused great repercussions in the UK, in making people aware of intensive cultivation of animal cruelty in at the same time, also greatly touched the conscience of people. The British government complies with the concept of social requirements, set up a "Brent Baer committee", dedicated to the investigation of intensive farming system damage to animal welfare, and the survey results will be stated in the Baer report. "< > the report was the famous" five freedom ", the thought became day after moving The overall direction of animal welfare science research. Because the "animal" a book on British machine intensive farming mode cruel facts mercilessly expose, making people aware of the existing law are not enough to solve new problems in animal breeding, which started in Britain in the original law revision, and gradually introduced a special the animal welfare law. Britain's animal welfare laws more supported by scientific evidence. At this time the animal science, animal science and veterinary science has developed to a relatively developed degree, when scientists of animal welfare concepts into the research field of the science of animal welfare, as a new subject to the emergence of the research results are integrated in a higher level, so as to form the basis of animal welfare legislation and policy evidence. To the contemporary British society, dynamic Animal welfare has been widely accepted. The British public animal welfare NGOs, large retailers, manufacturers and other agencies of animal husbandry and promote mutual cooperation, the formation of a complex and diverse animal welfare system products. Commercial competition to large retailer led supply chain continuously put forward high levels of animal welfare standard, launch more competitive products to animal welfare, these standards are often higher than the minimum limit of animal welfare legislation enacted by the government, which will be Britain's animal welfare to a higher level beyond the law. RSPCA such specialization of animal welfare organizations set the highest standards of animal welfare such a mechanism for animal welfare. To the higher level development plays a very important role. With the high standards of animal welfare products get more and more Accept the public, the British government is constantly revised and formulated all in line with the requirements of the animal welfare law. All international organizations in the world (including the EU) operation also contains special provisions of the animal welfare, because the British animal welfare laws and policies than almost all international organizations, which makes some of the obstacles encountered in the UK the relevant international activities. This reflects more and more characteristics of animal welfare with internationalization, is the issues to be taken into account in Britain and many countries. For the future development of animal welfare in Britain, the British government, FAWC, and UFAW were elaborated on animal welfare science of their own development plan.UFAW advocated the basis. On the basis of research results and efforts to promote the development of.FAWC in the world animal welfare of animal welfare science integration, given the dynamic Animal welfare issues and recommendations to provide advisory services to the British government. The British government on the basis of scientific evidence for animal welfare, legislative activities and policy activities. Throughout the development of Britain's animal welfare concept, it is found that the experience of the "love - anti cruelty - Law - Science - social standard" such a a process in the path, the inherent law of the development of our country to be worthy of reference and application in the development of animal welfare. In addition, China's animal welfare development there is a special problem, that is the science of animal welfare lack sufficient knowledge, so it is possible to confuse the animal welfare with the concept of animal ethics. Therefore, scientific outstanding animal welfare will become one of the important tasks of animal welfare in our country of the initial stage.

【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D756.1
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本文编号：1529811