碳约束下企业供应链生产-库存控制策略研究
发布时间：2018-07-29 07:55
【摘要】：二氧化碳浓度增加导致全球气候变暖已经成为普遍的共识,为了减少二氧化碳排放(以下简称“碳排放”),各种国际性法规与机制相继推出。其中,限额与交易(cap-and-trade)机制是使用范围最广、减排效果最好的国际性协议,它是欧盟排放交易体系(EU Emissions Trading Scheme, EU-ETS)的基础,在欧盟实践中预计每年减排2亿吨二氧化碳。同时,限额与交易机制也是《京都议定书》的本质,通过市场与监管政策结合,实现“共同但有区别”的减排责任。碳税是另一种国际性减排手段,相比于限额与交易,碳税的控排方式更加简单,它是按照化石燃料的含碳量或碳排放量征收的一种税,通过价格变化以降低环境污染的负外部性。1990年,芬兰最早开征碳税,其将碳税与能源税合并计算。如今,碳税已在欧洲十几个国家推行,并被世界其他国家学习与借鉴。中国为实现其减排承诺,正在积极推进碳交易市场建设,并开始探讨碳税在中国的实践。如今,低碳理念已开始运用于各个领域,供应链碳减排问题已经引起国内外一些学者和企业界的高度关注,并取得一定的研究成果。然而,既存文献中对于库存系统碳减排的研究数量相当有限,对于多级库存减排问题的研究更是微少。因此,研究碳约束机制下企业供应链生产-库存问题,成为具有挑战性和现实性的课题,并具有较强的理论指导意义与应用参考价值。本文基于总量干预和价格干预两个视角,选择了具有代表性且最普遍运用的两种碳约束机制——限额与交易机制和碳税机制,对于两种约束机制下企业供应链生产-库存控制问题进行了深入研究,主要工作包括以下几个方面：(1)对供应链生产-库存系统的碳排放因素进行度量与分析。为了研究供应链生产-库存系统碳排放的影响,首先描述供应链系统的碳排放过程,明确系统碳排放的核算边界与分类方法,给出各级碳排放数量的计算公式,确定两种碳减排约束机制在供应链中的具体形式,这些研究工作为后文生产-库存系统中碳排放度量提供了指导框架。(2)通过单厂商的生产-库存系统,对比限额与交易、碳税两种约束机制的影响。具体而言,将限额与交易机制和碳税机制应用到单厂商单产品的生产-库存系统,通过生产数量、订货数量及厂商总成本的变化,考察两种约束机制对厂商决策的影响,并对比两种碳约束机制的政策效果。(3)研究了限额与交易机制下多级供应链生产-库存控制问题。将限额与交易机制应用于多级多产品多成员的生产-库存系统中,系统采用分散与集中两种决策方式,通过生产数量与订货数量的联合优化以满足碳排放监管,利润分配与补偿机制能有效促进供应链成员的协调,得出限额与交易机制下多级生产-库存控制方法与管理见解。(4)研究了碳税机制下多级供应链生产-库存控制问题。对于碳税采用两种形式：统一碳税与级差碳税,应用于多级供应链生产-库存系统中,考虑成员竞争能力与策略选择,比较两种碳税形式下生产-库存系统决策及碳排放水平变化,以及两种碳税形式的政策影响。上述提出的两种碳约束机制下供应链生产-库存控制的理论与方法可应用于企业碳减排实践中,有助于提升低碳环境下企业管理决策水平,使碳排放约束下的供应链运营更高效,对于推进经济、社会、环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (hereinafter referred to as "carbon emissions"), a variety of international regulations and mechanisms have been introduced in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Among them, the cap-and-trade mechanism is the most widely used international agreement with the best emission reduction effect, it is the EU emission. The basis of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is expected to reduce the emission of 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year in EU practice. Meanwhile, the cap and transaction mechanism is the essence of the Kyoto Protocol, and the "common but different" emission reduction responsibility is realized through the combination of market and regulatory policies. Compared to quotas and transactions, the carbon tax is more simple. It is a tax based on the carbon or carbon emissions of fossil fuels. In.1990, the carbon tax was first imposed on the carbon tax in Finland by the change in price to reduce the negative externality of environmental pollution. In order to achieve its emission reduction commitment, China is actively promoting the construction of carbon trading market, and began to explore the practice of carbon tax in China. Now, the concept of low-carbon has begun to be applied in various fields. The problem of carbon emission reduction in supply chain has attracted a great deal of attention from some scholars and enterprises at home and abroad. However, the amount of carbon emission reduction in the inventory system is very limited, and the research on the problem of multi echelon inventory reduction is less. Therefore, it is a challenging and realistic topic to study the supply chain production inventory problem under the carbon constraint mechanism, and has a strong theoretical guiding significance and should be of great significance. Based on two perspectives of total volume intervention and price intervention, this paper selects two carbon binding mechanisms, which are representative and most commonly used - cap and trade mechanism and carbon tax mechanism, and studies the problem of supply chain production inventory control under two constraint mechanisms. The main work includes the following several parties (1) (1) measure and analyze the carbon emission factors of the supply chain production inventory system. In order to study the influence of carbon emissions in the supply chain production inventory system, the carbon emission process of the supply chain system is described first, the accounting boundary and classification method of the system carbon emissions are clearly defined, and the calculation formulas of carbon emissions at all levels are given, and two kinds of carbon reduction are determined. The specific form of the scheduling mechanism in the supply chain provides a guiding framework for the measurement of carbon emissions in the post production inventory system. (2) the impact of the two constraints on the carbon tax through the production inventory system of a single manufacturer, the comparison of the quota and the transaction, and the carbon tax. The production inventory system of a single product, through the quantity of production, the quantity of order and the change of the total cost of the manufacturer, investigates the influence of the two constraint mechanisms on the decision of the manufacturer, and compares the policy effect of the two kinds of carbon constraint mechanism. (3) the problem of production inventory control in the multilevel supply chain under the quota and transaction mechanism is studied. In the production and inventory system of multi product and multi member, the system adopts two decision-making methods of decentralization and centralization, through the combined optimization of the quantity of production and order quantity to meet the carbon emission regulation. The profit distribution and compensation mechanism can effectively promote the coordination of the members of the supply chain, and the multilevel production inventory control method under the quota and transaction mechanism is obtained. Management views. (4) the problem of production and inventory control of multilevel supply chain under the carbon tax system is studied. Two forms of carbon tax are used: unified carbon tax and differential carbon tax, applied to the multilevel supply chain production and inventory system, considering members' competitive ability and strategy selection, and comparing the production inventory system decision and carbon emission level under the two carbon tax forms. Change, and the policy influence of the two forms of carbon tax. The theory and method of supply chain production and inventory control under the two carbon constraint mechanism mentioned above can be applied to the practice of carbon emission reduction in enterprises, which will help to improve the level of enterprise management decision under the low carbon environment, make the supply chain operation under the carbon emission constraint more efficient and promote the economy, society, and the society, The sustainable development of the environment is of great significance.
【学位授予单位】：东北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F274
本文编号：2152023
[Abstract]:In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (hereinafter referred to as "carbon emissions"), a variety of international regulations and mechanisms have been introduced in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Among them, the cap-and-trade mechanism is the most widely used international agreement with the best emission reduction effect, it is the EU emission. The basis of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is expected to reduce the emission of 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year in EU practice. Meanwhile, the cap and transaction mechanism is the essence of the Kyoto Protocol, and the "common but different" emission reduction responsibility is realized through the combination of market and regulatory policies. Compared to quotas and transactions, the carbon tax is more simple. It is a tax based on the carbon or carbon emissions of fossil fuels. In.1990, the carbon tax was first imposed on the carbon tax in Finland by the change in price to reduce the negative externality of environmental pollution. In order to achieve its emission reduction commitment, China is actively promoting the construction of carbon trading market, and began to explore the practice of carbon tax in China. Now, the concept of low-carbon has begun to be applied in various fields. The problem of carbon emission reduction in supply chain has attracted a great deal of attention from some scholars and enterprises at home and abroad. However, the amount of carbon emission reduction in the inventory system is very limited, and the research on the problem of multi echelon inventory reduction is less. Therefore, it is a challenging and realistic topic to study the supply chain production inventory problem under the carbon constraint mechanism, and has a strong theoretical guiding significance and should be of great significance. Based on two perspectives of total volume intervention and price intervention, this paper selects two carbon binding mechanisms, which are representative and most commonly used - cap and trade mechanism and carbon tax mechanism, and studies the problem of supply chain production inventory control under two constraint mechanisms. The main work includes the following several parties (1) (1) measure and analyze the carbon emission factors of the supply chain production inventory system. In order to study the influence of carbon emissions in the supply chain production inventory system, the carbon emission process of the supply chain system is described first, the accounting boundary and classification method of the system carbon emissions are clearly defined, and the calculation formulas of carbon emissions at all levels are given, and two kinds of carbon reduction are determined. The specific form of the scheduling mechanism in the supply chain provides a guiding framework for the measurement of carbon emissions in the post production inventory system. (2) the impact of the two constraints on the carbon tax through the production inventory system of a single manufacturer, the comparison of the quota and the transaction, and the carbon tax. The production inventory system of a single product, through the quantity of production, the quantity of order and the change of the total cost of the manufacturer, investigates the influence of the two constraint mechanisms on the decision of the manufacturer, and compares the policy effect of the two kinds of carbon constraint mechanism. (3) the problem of production inventory control in the multilevel supply chain under the quota and transaction mechanism is studied. In the production and inventory system of multi product and multi member, the system adopts two decision-making methods of decentralization and centralization, through the combined optimization of the quantity of production and order quantity to meet the carbon emission regulation. The profit distribution and compensation mechanism can effectively promote the coordination of the members of the supply chain, and the multilevel production inventory control method under the quota and transaction mechanism is obtained. Management views. (4) the problem of production and inventory control of multilevel supply chain under the carbon tax system is studied. Two forms of carbon tax are used: unified carbon tax and differential carbon tax, applied to the multilevel supply chain production and inventory system, considering members' competitive ability and strategy selection, and comparing the production inventory system decision and carbon emission level under the two carbon tax forms. Change, and the policy influence of the two forms of carbon tax. The theory and method of supply chain production and inventory control under the two carbon constraint mechanism mentioned above can be applied to the practice of carbon emission reduction in enterprises, which will help to improve the level of enterprise management decision under the low carbon environment, make the supply chain operation under the carbon emission constraint more efficient and promote the economy, society, and the society, The sustainable development of the environment is of great significance.
【学位授予单位】：东北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F274
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