基于元胞自动机的行人流疏散模拟研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 03:33

本文选题：行人流 + 疏散动力学　；参考：《广西师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 随着我国社会和经济的快速发展,城市化进程不断加快,大量的高层建筑、大型的体育场馆、购物中心、车站、会展中心等人员密集的公共场所不断的涌现,近年来火灾、人员踩踏等事故的频繁发生,造成了大量的人员伤亡。在火灾、地震等紧急情况下,公众聚集场所内人群的安全疏散问题引起了社会的广泛关注,并且已成为当前公共安全和消防安全等领域的研究热点。因此,对人群安全疏散进行深入的研究,具有重要的现实意义和实用价值。本文在现有元胞自动机模型的基础上,提出了更加符合实际情况的疏散元胞自动机模型,分别对几种典型的公共场所内行人的紧急疏散进行了数值模拟,进而探讨了不同参数对疏散动力学的影响。全文的主要工作如下: (1)考虑楼梯出口的瓶颈效应,引入行人选择最佳出口策略和延滞时间,建立了行人流疏散仿真模型,对回形教学楼层内人员疏散过程进行了数值模拟,得到了行人在疏散过程中出现的典型现象,如拥挤、堵塞、快即是慢效应等,并讨论了疏散时间、楼梯出口宽度及走廊宽度等系统参量之间的变化关系,研究结果表明:楼梯出口的对称分布更有利于人员的紧急疏散,这为行人安全疏散管理及建筑物走廊的设计提供了一些有益的参考。 (2)考虑地铁出口大厅内的结构设置,建立了元胞自动机行人流疏散模型,对出口大厅内人员疏散过程进行数值模拟,得到了疏散时间、出口宽度、检票出口通道长度和宽度等系统参量之间的变化关系,研究结果表明:当检票出口通道宽度d2时,对疏散时间的影响较小,这为地铁出口大厅出口的设计及行人流紧急疏散管理具有一定的参考意义。 (3)考虑行人的亲情互助行为,建立了房间内行人流疏散元胞自动机模型,数值模拟发现了堵塞、不连贯、聚集、返回等典型的疏散现象,并针对五种疏散情况进行了深入探讨,结果表明:当行人单自疏散时,疏散效率最高。当出现亲情互助行为时,疏散效率较低。因此,在疏散过程中行人应尽量各自疏散到安全区域,避免慌乱寻找、等待、返回等行为发生。总之,本文针对几种典型的公共场所内行人的紧急疏散,建立了相应的元胞自动机模型,数值研究得到了一些有实际意义的结果。在本文的最后,我们对行人流疏散理论的进一步研究做了分析和展望。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of our country's society and economy, the process of urbanization is speeding up, a large number of high-rise buildings, large sports venues, shopping centers, stations, convention and exhibition centers and other crowded public places continue to emerge. In recent years, there have been fires. The frequent occurrence of accidents such as stampede caused a large number of casualties. In the case of fire, earthquake and other emergency situations, the safety evacuation of people in public gathering places has attracted wide attention of the society, and has become a research hotspot in the field of public safety and fire safety. Therefore, it is of great practical significance and practical value to study the safety evacuation of people. Based on the existing cellular automata models, a more realistic model of evacuation cellular automata is proposed in this paper. Numerical simulation of emergency evacuation of several typical public places is carried out. Furthermore, the influence of different parameters on evacuation dynamics is discussed. The main work of this paper is as follows: 1) considering the bottleneck effect of staircase exit, introducing the best exit strategy and delay time, the simulation model of pedestrian flow evacuation is established, and the evacuation process in the floor of the teaching building is simulated numerically. The typical phenomena of pedestrian evacuation, such as congestion, fast or slow effect and so on, are obtained. The relationship among system parameters such as evacuation time, stairway exit width and corridor width is discussed. The results show that the symmetrical distribution of stairway exits is more conducive to emergency evacuation, which provides some useful reference for pedestrian safety evacuation management and the design of building corridors. (2) considering the structure of subway exit hall, a cellular automata evacuation model is established, and the evacuation process of the exit hall is simulated numerically, and the evacuation time and exit width are obtained. The relationship between the system parameters such as the length and width of the exit channel is studied. The results show that when the width of the exit channel is D2, it has little effect on the evacuation time. This has certain reference significance for the design of exit hall exit of subway and emergency evacuation management of pedestrian flow. (3) considering the behavior of family and mutual help of pedestrians, the cellular automata model of evacuation is established. The typical evacuation phenomena, such as clogging, discontinuity, gathering and returning, are found by numerical simulation, and five kinds of evacuation conditions are discussed in depth. The results show that the evacuation efficiency is the highest when the pedestrian is evacuated. When the behavior of kinship and mutual help occurs, the efficiency of evacuation is low. Therefore, in the process of evacuation, pedestrians should evacuate to the safe area as far as possible to avoid panic seeking, waiting, returning and other behaviors. In a word, the cellular automata model is established for the emergency evacuation of several typical public places, and some practical results are obtained from the numerical study. At the end of this paper, we analyze and prospect the theory of pedestrian evacuation.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：O242.1

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