D¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÖеÄÈËÔ±ÅäÖᢹµÍ¨Ó뼤ÀøÑо¿

·¢²¼Ê±¼ä£º2014-12-27 09:06

 

¡¾ÕªÒª¡¿ ½øÈë21ÊÀ¼ÍÒÔÀ´£¬Ëæ×ÅÉç»á¾­¼ÃµÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹£¬Êг¡¾ºÕùÓúÑÝÓúÁÒ£¬ÈËÃǵÄÐèÇóÒ²³¯×ŶàÔª»¯·½Ïò·¢Õ¹¡£´ó·ù¶ÈÌá¸ßÉú²úЧÂʵıê×¼»¯¡¢Öظ´ÐԵĹÜÀíģʽÒѲ»¸´»Ô»Í£¬¶ø¼«¾ßÁé»îÐԺͶÀ´´ÐÔµÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíģʽ˳Ӧʱ´úµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬³ÉΪÁËÏÖ´ú¹ÜÀíѧµÄ³è¶ù¡£ÀûÓÃÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨£¬ÆóÒµ¼«´óµÄÌá¸ßÁËϡȱ×ÊÔ´µÄÀûÓÃÂÊ£¬ÏÔÖø¸ÄÉÆÁËÖвã¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±µÄ¹¤×÷ЧÂÊ£¬ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨Öð½¥³ÉΪÁËÏÖ´úÆóÒµ²»¿É»òȱµÄÖØÒª¹ÜÀí·½Ê½¡£ÔÚÎÒ¹ú£¬ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨±»¹ã·ºÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÖС£±¾ÎÄÊ×ÏÈÊáÀíÁ˹úÄÚÍâ¶ÔÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíÀíÂÛµÄÏà¹ØÑо¿£¬½øÒ»²½¶Ô¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÑо¿×ÛÊö½øÐÐÁ˻عˣ¬±ÊÕß·¢ÏÖ£¬ÒÑÓеÄÑо¿½ÏÉÙµÄÉæ¼°¹úÆóÌØÉ«µÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÖдæÔÚ¶à¸öÀûÒæÖ÷ÌåµÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÎÊÌ⣬±¾ÎĽáºÏD¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²ÖÃÏîÄ¿µÄʵ¼Ê°¸Àý½øÐÐÁË·ÖÎö£¬ÈÏΪÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓ×齨²»ºÏÀíʹµÃÈËÔ±ÅäÖò»Äܽô¿ÛÏîÄ¿µÄʵ¼ÊÐèÒª£¬¹µÍ¨ÇþµÀµÄ²»½¡È«ºÍ¹¦ÀûÐÔµÄÍŶӷÕΧµ¼Ö¹µÍ¨²»Ë³³©£¬²»Í¬ÀûÒæÖ÷Ìå¼äµÄÀúÊ·Ô¨Ô´ºÍ“È˺͔µÄ×éÖ¯ÎÄ»¯Ôì³É¼¤Àø»úÖÆȱ·¦¼¤ÀøЧӦ£»±¾ÎĽáºÏÏà¹ØÀíÂÛ£¬ÒÔÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÉúÃüÖÜÆÚΪÖ÷Ïߣ¬×ÅÖØ´ÓÍŶÓÈËÔ±ÅäÖᢹµÍ¨ÇþµÀ¡¢¼¤Àø²ßÂÔÈý¸ö·½Ãæ½øÐÐÑо¿£¬ÔÚÏîÄ¿ÍŶӴæÔÚ²»Í¬ÀûÒæÖ÷ÌåµÄ±³¾°Ï£¬Ìá³öÁËÒÔÏîÄ¿ÍŶӸù±¾Ä¿±êΪÖÐÐÄ¡¢ÒÔÏîÄ¿¾­ÀíΪºËÐÄ¡¢ÒÔÏîĿʵ¼Ê¹¤×÷ÐèÇóΪ»ù´¡¡¢ÒÔ¸Ú¶¨È˵ÄÔÚ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿²»Í¬½×¶ÎµÄ¶¯Ì¬ÈËÔ±ÅäÖöԲߣ»ÐγÉÁËÒÔ¹¹½¨Ë³³©µÄ¹µÍ¨ÇþµÀΪÊֶΣ¬ÖØÊÓ¹µÍ¨ÐÅÏ¢µÄ¼°Ê±·´À¡¡¢ÒÔ½¨ÉèÈÚÇ¢ÍŶӷÕΧΪ¸¨ÖúµÄÓÐЧ¸ÄÉƹµÍ¨Ð§Âʵİ취£»Éè¼ÆÁËÒÔ¼¤ÀøΪµ¼Ïò£¬¼¨Ð§¿¼ºËΪºËÐÄ£¬¼æ¹ËÔ±¹¤¾«ÉñÐèÇóµÄ¼¤Àø·½°¸¡£ 

¡¾¹Ø¼ü´Ê¡¿ ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿£» ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӣ» ÈËÔ±ÅäÖã» ¹µÍ¨£» ¼¤Àø£» 
 

µÚÒ»Õ Ð÷ ÂÛ

 

1.1 Ñо¿±³¾°
½üÄêÀ´£¬¹úÄÚ¶à±äµÄ¾­¼Ã»·¾³¼Ó´óÁËÆóÒµ¾­Óª·çÏÕ¡£ÎªÁËÔöÇ¿×ÔÉíµÄºËÐľºÕùÁ¦£¬ÆóÒµ¾ºÏà¼Ó¿ì²úÒµ½á¹¹µÄµ÷Õû£¬Í¨¹ý¶ÔвúÒµµÄ¿ªÍØ£¬ÒÔÍØ¿í²úÒµ²¼¾Ö¡¢ÊµÏÖ¶àÔª»¯¡£¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿½¨Éè×÷ΪÆóÒµÍØ¿í²úÒµ²¼¾Ö£¬¿ìËÙÕ¼ÁìÊг¡µÄÖØÒªÊֶΣ¬ÓëÆóҵʵÏÖ×ÔÉíµÄ·¢Õ¹Õ½ÂÔÄ¿±êϢϢÏà¹Ø¡£Ëæ×ÅÉç»á¾­¼Ã¼°¿Æ¼¼µÄѸËÙ·¢Õ¹£¬¼«¾ßÁé»îÐԺͶÀ´´ÐÔµÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÒѳÉΪÉç»á¹ÜÀíºÍÆóÒµ¹ÜÀíÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÖØÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬ÆóÒµÒ²Öð½¥Ìå»áµ½³ÖÐø¸Ä½øÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíˮƽ£¬¶ÔÓÚÌá¸ß¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿½¨ÉèÖÊÁ¿ÓëЧÂʵÄÖØÒª×÷Óá£ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓ×÷ΪÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ×éÖ¯ºËÐÄ£¬ÍŶÓÄý¾ÛÁ¦¡¢Õ½¶·Á¦·´Ó³×ÅÆóÒµµÄºËÐľºÕùÄÜÁ¦£¬¾ö¶¨ÁËÆóÒµµÄÉú´æÓë·¢Õ¹¡£Îª´Ë£¬ÆóÒµ¶ÔÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÔÚЭ×÷¡¢¼¼ÄÜ¡¢Ð§Âʵȷ½ÃæµÄÍŶӽ¨ÉèºÍ¿ª·¢Ìá³öÁ˸ü¸ßµÄÒªÇó¡£ÔÚÕâÑùµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬±Ê¸ûÎÄ»¯´«²¥£¬ÈçºÎÕûºÏºÃÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´£¬ÓÐЧ½â¾öÆóÒµ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÖÐÏîÄ¿ÍŶӿª·¢ÖеÄÎÊÌ⣬ÊÇÒ»¸ö·Ç³£ÖµµÃÑо¿ºÍ̽ÌֵĿÎÌâ¡£
ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÒªÇó¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±´ÓÁ¢ÏîÖ®³õ¿ªÊ¼£¬¶ÔÏîÄ¿Ä¿±ê¡¢È·¶¨ÏîÄ¿ÈËÔ±ÅäÖá¢ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓ×éÖ¯½á¹¹µÈ½øÐÐÈÎÎñ½âÎö¡¢Ìá³ö½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄ·½°¸£¬Ö±µ½Íê³ÉÏîÄ¿³É¹ûÑéÊյȹý³Ì¡£¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÒ²ÊÇͨ¹ý×éÖ¯¾ß±¸Ïà¹Ø¼¼ÄܵŤ×÷³ÉÔ±£¬¸ù¾ÝÏîÄ¿µÄ²»Í¬½×¶ÎºÏÀíµÄÀûÓÃÓÐÏÞµÄ×ÊÔ´£¬±£ÖÊ¡¢¸ßЧ¡¢µÍ³É±¾µÄÍê³ÉÏîÄ¿Ä¿±ê¡£È»¶ø£¬²»Í¬ÐÐÒµ×ÔÉíµÄÌص㣬ʹµÃÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÕâһͨÓõÄ֪ʶÌåϵÔÚ¾ßÌåµÄÏîÄ¿Öи÷¾ßÌØÉ«¡£

±¾ÎÄÒÔ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèΪÑо¿¶ÔÏó£¬ÉîÈë̽ÌÖ»ùÓÚÒÔÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬÐγɵÄÍŶӹØϵµÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè˼·ºÍ·½·¨£¬½áºÏ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿µÄÌصãÒÔ¼°ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬÐÎʽϵÄÍŶӹÜÀí¶¨Î»ÌØÕ÷£¬½¨Á¢ÁËÕë¶Ô¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿µÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè·½°¸£¬Ö¼ÔÚÌá¸ß¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿µÄ¹ÜÀíЧÂÊ£¬½µµÍ¹ÜÀí³É±¾¡£×îºó±¾ÎĶ԰²Öù¤³Ì½¨ÉèµÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè½øÐÐʵ֤·ÖÎö£¬·ÖÎö¸ÃÏîÄ¿µÄÍŶÓÌص㣬ÀûÓÃÒѽ¨Á¢µÄ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè·½°¸½øÐжԱȷÖÎö£¬½øÒ»²½Ìá³ö·½°¸µÄʵʩЧ¹ûºÍ¿ØÖÆÒªµã¡£

 

1.2 Ñо¿Ä¿µÄ
ÔÚ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÖУ¬ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÊÇÏîÄ¿¾­ÀíµÄÊ×ÒªÈÎÎñ£¬ÊǹØϵµ½½¨É蹤³ÌЧÒæµÄ¾ö¶¨ÐÔÒòËØÖ®Ò»£¬Ò»¸ö¿Æѧ¡¢¸ßЧ¡¢¿É¿¿µÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӣ¬Í¨¹ý¿ÆѧµÄ¹ÜÀí¿ÉÒÔ½«¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄ³É±¾¡¢ÖÊÁ¿ºÍ½ø¶ÈÈýÒªËØЭͬһÖ£¬ÔÚ±£ÕϹ¤³Ì¸ßÖÊÁ¿¡¢µÍ³É±¾¡¢¿ìËٶȵÄÍƽøÖз¢»ÓÖØÒªµÄÕûºÏ×÷Óá£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀíÖУ¬¸ù¾ÝÏîÄ¿µÄ²»Í¬»·¾³ºÍÌص㣬ѡȡÊÊÒ˵ÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éèģʽ,½«¶ÔÌá¸ß¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄ¹ÜÀíЧÂÊ·¢»Ó¹Ø¼ü×÷Óá£
D ¹«Ë¾ÊÇÒ»¼Ò¾ßÓÐ 40 Äê¶àÀúÊ·µÄÖÆÔìÐÍÑëÆó£¬Ö÷Òª´ÓÊ´óÐÍ·¢µçÉ豸µÄÑз¢ÓëÖÆÔì¡£½üÄêÀ´£¬D ¹«Ë¾µÄ¹æÄ£½Ï´óµÄ»ù½¨¹¤³Ì£¬Í¨³£¶¼ÊÇÒÔÖ°Äܲ¿ÃÅÓëÆäÏÂÊô¸ÄÖÆÉèÁ¢µÄ²Î¹É»ù½¨¹«Ë¾Í¨¹ýÇ©¶©ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬ×齨ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӷ½Ê½½øÐй¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄ¹ÜÀí½¨ÉèµÄ¡£ÓÉÓÚ¹«Ë¾µÄ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí»úÖƲ»³ÉÊ죬ְÄÜÓëÏîÄ¿½»Ö¯ÔÚÒ»Æð£¬ÐγɵÄÖ»ÊÇ“Ä£Äâ”ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ¹ÜÀíÐÎ̬£¬¸üΪ¹Ø¼üµÄÊÇ»ùÓÚÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬÐγɵÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӣ¬ÍŶӳÉÔ±´ú±íµÄÊDz»Í¬ÀûÒæÖ÷Ì壬ʹÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÄÑÒÔÐγÉÒ»ÖÂÐÔÄ¿±ê£¬¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÔڳɱ¾¡¢½ø¶È¡¢ÖÊÁ¿µÈ·½ÃæÎÞ·¨´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏʵʩÓÐЧµÄ¿ØÖÆ£¬µ¼ÖÂÏîÄ¿³¬Ö§£¬½ø¶ÈÍÏÆÚµÄÏÖÏóʱÓз¢Éú£¬ÕâЩֱ½Ó»ò¼ä½ÓÓ°Ïìµ½ D ¹«Ë¾·¢Õ¹Ä¿±êµÄʵÏÖ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¶Ô D ¹«Ë¾¶øÑÔ£¬½áºÏÄÚÍⲿ»·¾³ºÍ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄÌص㣬ÕÒ×¼ÍŶӹÜÀíµÄ¶¨Î»ÌØÕ÷£¬²ÉÈ¡Ç¡µ±µÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè˼·ºÍ·½·¨£¬ÔÚÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬ¹¹½¨µÄÍŶӹØϵ»ù´¡ÉÏÈçºÎ½¨ÉèÓÐЧµÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÍŶӣ¬ÊÇÄ¿Ç° D ¹«Ë¾Ìá¸ß»ù½¨¹¤³ÌµÄ¹ÜÀíˮƽºÍ½¨ÉèЧÂʵĹؼü¡£

Òª½¨Á¢¸ßЧµÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÍŶӣ¬±ØÐëÓÐÍêÉƵÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÍŶӽ¨ÉèÀíÂÛµÄΪָµ¼¡£´ÓÏÖÓеÄÑо¿×´¿ö¿´£¬ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÀíÂÛÖ÷Òª»¹ÊÇһЩ»ù±¾ÀíÂÛÔ­Àí£¬²»Äܹ»ÍêÈ«Âú×ãʵ¼ùµÄÐèÒª¡£Òò´Ë£¬±¾ÎÄÔÚ¼³È¡µ±Ç°ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÀíÂÛ¾«ËèµÄͬʱ£¬½áºÏ´Ó¹«Ë¾¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄÍŶӹÜÀíʵ¼ùÖеõ½µÄÆô·¢£¬ÔÚ¹úÍâÏà¹ØÀíÂ۵Ļù´¡Ö®ÉϼÓÒÔ½øÒ»²½Õ¹¿ª£¬½«ÆäÓë D ¹«Ë¾µÄ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíʵ¼ùÓ¦ÓÃÏà½áºÏ£¬Ê¹ÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ù½ôÃÜÁªÏµÆðÀ´¡£Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬±¾×ÅÓÐÀûÓÚÖ¸µ¼Êµ¼ùµÄÔ­Ôò£¬ÒÔ D ¹«Ë¾µÄס·¿°²Öù¤³ÌµÄÒÀÍУ¬½áºÏ¸ÃÏîÄ¿µÄÍŶӹÜÀíÌص㣬ÓëÀíÂÛ֪ʶʵÏÖÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈµÄÕûºÏ£¬Ìá³öÒ»Ì×Õë¶ÔÒÔÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬÐγÉÏîÄ¿×é֯ϵÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÀíÂÛ¼°ÊµÊ©½¨Ò飬²¢Ï£ÍûÄܸøÀàËƹúÆóµÄ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄÍŶӽ¨Éèʵ¼ùÌṩÓÐÒæµÄ½è¼ø¡£

 

µÚ¶þÕ Ïà¹ØÀíÂÛ¸ÅÊö

 

2.1 ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÏà¹Ø¸ÅÄî×ÛÊö
2.1.1 ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵĸÅÄî
ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÊÇÍŶӵÄÒ»ÖÖÌØÀý£¬ÔÚÄ¿Ç°ÓйØÍŶӷ½ÃæµÄÑо¿ÖУ¬¾ÍÍŶӵĶ¨ÒåÆÕ±é´ï³ÉÁËÒ»ÖÖ¹²Ê¶£ºÍŶÓָΪÁËʵÏÖÔ¤ÆڵĹ²Í¬Ä¿±ê£¬ÓÐÒ»¶¨·Ö¹¤ºÍ¹¤×÷³ÌÐò£¬Äܹ»“¼¼ÄÜ»¥²¹”µÄһȺÈË×é³ÉµÄȺÌå¡£¸Ã±íÊö°üº­ÁËÈý¸ö¹Ûµã£ºÍŶÓÊǵÄÄ¿µÄÊÇΪÁËʵÏÖÔ¤ÆڵĹ²Í¬Ä¿±ê£¬ÍŶӳÉÔ±µÄÌØÕ÷ÊǼ¼ÄÜÄܹ»Ï໥²¹³ä£¬ÍŶӵĺÏ×÷·½Ê½ÊǸù¾Ý³ÉÔ±µÄ¼¼ÄÜÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ·Ö¹¤ºÍ¹¤×÷³ÌÐò[1]¡£
ÃÀ¹úÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíЭ»á£¨Project Management Institute£©°ÑÏîÄ¿ÍŶӶ¨ÒåΪ“ÓÉһȺ±»¿´×÷ÊÇÒ»¸ö×éµÄһȺÈ˼¯ºÏÔÚÒ»Æð£¬Í¨¹ý³Ðµ£¹²Í¬µÄÄ¿±êµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼æÖ°»òÕßÈ«Ö°µØÏòÏîÄ¿¾­Àí½øÐл㱨£¬¶øÐγɵÄÏîÄ¿ÖÐÐĹÜÀíС×é”[2]¡£
¹úÄÚÑо¿ÆÕ±éÈÏΪ£ºÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÊÇÓÉΪÊý²»¶àµÄ£¬¼¼ÄÜ»¥²¹µÄ£¬¾ßÓй²Í¬ÐÅÄîºÍ¼ÛÖµ¹Û£¬Îª¹²Í¬µÄÄ¿±ê·Ü¶·µÄÒ»¸öȺÌ塣ȺÌå³ÉÔ±Ï໥ÐÅÈΣ¬¹²Í¬³Ðµ£ÔðÈΣ¬Í¨¹ý¼¼ÄÜ»¥²¹µÄÏ໥ºÏ×÷²úÉúȺÌåµÄЭ×÷ЧӦ£¬½ø¶ø»ñµÃ±È¸öÌå³ÉÔ±¼¨Ð§×ܺ͸ü´óµÄ¼Ó³ÉÍŶӼ¨Ð§¡£Ïà¶ÔÍŶӶøÑÔ£¬ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÓÐÆäÌØÊâÐÔ£ºÆäÒ»£¬ÍŶӳÉÔ±¿ÉÄÜÀ´×Ô²»Í¬µÄÖ°Äܲ¿ÃÅÉõÖÁ²»Í¬µÄ×éÖ¯£»Æä¶þ£¬ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÊÇÒ»¸öÁÙʱÐÔ×éÖ¯£¬Ëæ×ÅÏîÄ¿ÈÎÎñµÄÍê³É£¬ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÒ²ËæÖ®¶øÖÕ½á[3]¡£
2.1.2 ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÌØÕ÷
ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÔÚÏÖ´úÆóÒµÖаçÑÝ×ÅÔ½À´Ô½ÖØÒªµÄ½ÇÉ«¡£ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÒ»·½Ãæ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÍŶӳÉÔ±Ö®¼ä¼¼ÄÜ»¥²¹µÄÌØÐÔ£¬Í¨¹ýÏ໥µÄ¹µÍ¨¡¢ÐÅÈΡ¢ºÏ×÷ºÍ³Ðµ£ÔðÈΣ¬ÓÐÏÞµÄÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÃÒÔ¸ßЧµÄÀûÓã¬Í¬Ê±ÀûÓÚÔöÇ¿Ô±¹¤¼äµÄЭ×÷ÓëÐÅÈΡ£ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓ×÷ΪÍŶӵÄÒ»ÖÖÌØÀý£¬¼ÈÓÐÍŶӵÄÒ»°ãÌØÕ÷£¬ÓÖÒò×ÔÉíÏîÄ¿¶ÀÓеÄÈȵ㣬¾ßÓÐÆäÌØÊâÐÔ¡£ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÌØÕ÷ÈçÏ£º
£¨1£© ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÉèÁ¢µÄ¸ù±¾Ä¿µÄÊÇΪÁËʵÏÖÌض¨µÄÄ¿±ê

ΪÁËÍê³ÉÌض¨µÄÄ¿±ê£¬ÔÚÓÐÏÞµÄ×ÊÔ´Ô¼ÊøÏ£¬ÓÐ×éÖ¯µØ¿ªÕ¹Ò»ÏµÁзÇÖظ´ÐԵĻ[4]¡£Ã¿¸öÏîÄ¿¶¼ÊÇΪÁËʵÏÖÌض¨µÄÄ¿±ê£¬¼´ÔÚ¸ø¶¨Ìõ¼þÏÂʵÏÖÌض¨µÄÏîÄ¿²úÆ·»òÌṩ¶ÀÌصķþÎñ¡£ÏîÄ¿¾ßÓÐÃ÷È·µÄÄ¿±êÐԵı¾ÖÊʹµÃÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÒ²ÓÐ×ÅÌض¨Ä¿±êµÄÌØÕ÷¡£ÏîÄ¿µÄÄ¿±êÒ²¾ÍÊÇÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓËùÐèҪʵÏÖµÄÄ¿±ê£¬ËüÓм¶ÎªÃ÷È·µÄÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼¡¢½ø¶ÈÒªÇ󡢳ɱ¾¿ØÖƵȶàÖØÔ¼Êø[5]¡£ÔÚÏîÄ¿µÄÔË×÷¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÏîÄ¿¾­ÀíºÍÍŶӳÉÔ±¶¼±ØÐëÃ÷ÎúÏîĿʵʩ¶àҪʵÏÖµÄÄ¿±ê¡¢ÏîÄ¿Íê³Éºó½»¸¶µÄ³É¹ûÒÔ¼°ÆäÑéÊÕÖ¸±ê¡¢Óɴ˸øÏîÄ¿ÍŶӡ¢ÍŶӳÉÔ±×ÔÉí´øÀ´µÄÀûÒæ¡£ÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÆóÒµ×ÊÔ´Ô¼ÊøÏ¡¢×éÖ¯ÎÄ»¯·ÕΧÖС¢Ìض¨µÄ¹ÜÀí¼¼ÊõµÄÖ§³ÖÏ£¬ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽô¿ÛÏîÄ¿ÆäÌض¨µÄÄ¿±ê£¬Í¨Á¦ºÏ×÷£¬Ê¹Ä¿±êµÃÒÔʵÏÖ¡£

 

2.2 ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ×ÛÊö
ÏîÄ¿£¬À´Ô´ÓÚÈËÀàÓÐ×éÖ¯µÄ»î¶¯£¬²¢Ëæ×ÅÈËÀàµÄ²»¶Ï½ø²½Öð½¥·Ö»¯¡£ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí¼òµ¥Àí½â¾ÍÊǶÔÏîÄ¿½øÐеĹÜÀí£¬“ÊÇÔÚÏîÄ¿»î¶¯ÖÐÔËÓÃ֪ʶ¡¢¼¼ÄÜ¡¢¹¤¾ßºÍ¼¼ÊõÀ´ÊµÏÖÏîÄ¿ÒªÇó¡£ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíͨ¹ýÓ¦ÓÃÏÂÁйý³ÌµÃÒÔÍê³É£¬Æô¶¯£¬¼Æ»®±àÖÆ£¬Ö´ÐУ¬¿ØÖƺÍÊÕβ[12]¡£”
2.2.1 ¹úÍâÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ·¢Õ¹Àú³Ì
ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ·¢Õ¹¾­ÀúÁËÂþ³¤µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬¹ÜÀíµÄģʽҲ´ÓÀÏʵµÄ¾­Ñé¹ÜÀí·¢Õ¹³ÉΪ¿ÆѧµÄÏÖ´ú»¯¹ÜÀíģʽ¡£ËäÈ»ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÔçÒÑÔÚÉú²ú¹ÜÀíµÄÖî¶àÁìÓòÖеÃÒÔÔËÓ㬵«ÊÇÈËÃÇÆÕ±éÈÏΪ£¬ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ·¢Õ¹ÕæÕýʼÓÚµÚ¶þ´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½£¬ÊǶþÕ½ºóÆÚ·¢Õ¹ÆðÀ´µÄ×îΪÖØÒªµÄ¹ÜÀí¼¼ÊõÖ®Ò»¡£Õ½ÕùÆڼ䣬µÂ¡¢ÈÕ¡¢ÃÀµÈ¹ú½«ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí½ÏΪ¹æ·¶µÄÔÚÎäÆ÷¿ª·¢µÄÏîÄ¿ÖеÃÒÔÔËÓ㬲¢ÔÚÏîÄ¿ÖÊÁ¿¡¢Íê³É½ø¶È¡¢³É±¾¿ØÖƵȷ½ÃæÈ¡µÃÁ˺ܺõÄЧ¹û£¬³É¹¦½â¾öÁËսʱʱ¼ä½ôÆÈ¡¢ÏîÄ¿¸´ÔÓ¡¢×ÊÔ´½ôȱµÈÄÑÌ⣬ÆäÖÐ×îΪ֪ÏþµÄÊÇÃÀ¹úµÄÂü¹þ¶Ù¼Æ»®£¬¶ÔÔ­×Óµ¯ÑÐÖƵľÞÐͼ¼Êõ¸´ÔÓÏîÄ¿µÄ³É¹¦ÔËÓ㬱êÖ¾×ÅÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí½øÈëÁËÏÖ´ú»¯ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí½×¶Î¡£Ëæºó£¬¸Ã¹ÜÀí·½·¨µÄ¼ÛֵѸËÙÒýÆðÁË´ó¼ÒµÄÖØÊÓ£¬ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí±»¹ã·ºÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÆäËûÖØ´ó¹Ø¼üÁìÓò¡£1975 Ä꣬¶Å°î¹«Ë¾ÔÚÉ豸άÐÞÉÏÒýÈëÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨£¬°ÑάÐÞʱ¼äËõ¶ÌΪ 7 Сʱ£¬°ÑάÐÞÍ£¹¤Ê±¼äËõ¶ÌÁË 18 ±¶£»1985 Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú¾ü·½Ó¦Óøü¼Êõºó£¬°Ñ±±¼«Ðǵ¼µ¯¼Æ»®µÄÉè¼Æʱ¼äÕûÕûËõ¶ÌÁËÁ½Äê[13]¡£
20 ÊÀ¼Í 70 Äê´úÄ©ÆÚ£¬ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíµÄ·¶Î§Ñ¸ËÙÀ©´ó£¬ÌåÏÖ³öºÍÆäËûѧ¿Æ½»²æÉø͸£¬²¢Ï໥´Ù½øµÄÌصã[14]¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÖÐСÐÍÆóÒµÖУ¬Ò²Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÆóÒµÒ²½«ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÒýÈëµ½ÆÚ¹ÜÀí»î¶¯ÖУ¬¸Ã·½·¨Ò²ËæÖ®Öð½¥ÍêÉÆ¡£µ½ÁË 80 Äê´ú£¬¹æÄ£´óС²»Ò»µÄ¸÷Ðи÷Òµ¶¼¿ªÊ¼ÆÕ±é²ÉÓÃÕâÒ»ÓÐЧÁé»îµÄ¹ÜÀí·½·¨¡£

½øÈë 20 ÊÀ¼Í 90 Äê´ú£¬Ëæ×ÅÏÖ´ú¿Æѧ¼¼ÊõµÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹£¬È«Çò¾­¼Ã½øÈëÁËÐÅϢʱ´ú£¬Êг¡¾ºÕùÓúÑÝÓúÁÒ£¬ÏÖ´úÏîÄ¿µÄÌصãËæ×Å·¢Éú×Å·­Ì츲µØµÄ±ä»¯£ºÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí´ÓÖظ´ÐÔ¹ý³ÌÑݱäΪ¼«¾ß¸öÐÔ»¯ÌØÕ÷£¬ÈËÃÇ·¢ÏÖÔ­À´´ó·ù¶ÈÌá¸ßЧÂʵıê×¼»¯µÄ¡¢Ç¿µ÷Öظ´µÄ¹ÜÀí·½·¨ÒѾ­²»ÔÙÊÊÓ㬶ø¼«¾ßÁé»îÐÔ¡¢¶ÀÌØÐÔµÄÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨Ë³Ó¦Ê±´úµÄ·¢Õ¹³ÉΪÁËÖ÷Á÷¡£ÔÚÔË×÷·½Ê½ÉÏ£¬ÀûÓÃÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨£¬ÆóÒµ¼«´óµÄÌá¸ßÁË×ÔÓÐ×ÊÔ´µÄÀûÓÃÂÊ£¬ÏÔÖø¸ÄÉÆÁËÖвã¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±µÄ¹¤×÷ЧÂÊ£¬ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí·½·¨Öð½¥³ÉΪÁËÏÖ´úÆóÒµ²»¿É»òȱµÄÖØÒª¹ÜÀí·½Ê½¡£

 

µÚÈýÕ D ¹«Ë¾¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÏÖ×´¼°´æÔÚÎÊÌâ·ÖÎö....... 16
3.1 D ¹«Ë¾¼°×¡·¿°²ÖÃÏîÄ¿¼ò½é ............... 16
3.1.1 D ¹«Ë¾¼ò½é ........................ 16
3.1.2 D ¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³Ì ............... 16
3.2 D ¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿Á÷³Ì .............. 17
3.2.1 »ùÓÚίÍйÜÀíºÏͬ·½Ê½µÄÏîÄ¿¹¤³Ì¹ÜÀí...... 17
3.2.2 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓ×齨............... 18
3.2.3 ÏîĿʵʩ¸÷½×¶Î.................... 19
3.3 D ¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ·ÖÎö ....... 21
3.3.1 ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓȱ·¦ºÏÀíµÄÈËÔ±ÅäÖÃ................. 21
3.3.2 ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓȱ·¦Ë³³©µÄ¹µÍ¨ÇþµÀ .................. 22
3.3.3 ÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓȱ·¦ÓÐЧµÄ¼¤Àø»úÖÆ................. 24
µÚËÄÕ D ¹«Ë¾¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè·ÖÎöÓë¶Ô²ß................ 27
4.1 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèµÄ»ù±¾Ë¼Â· ................... 27
4.2 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÈËÔ±ÅäÖÃ.................... 28
4.2.1 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÈËÔ±ÅäÖÃÎÊÌâÆÊÎö........... 28
4.2.2 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÈËÔ±ÅäÖÃÎÊÌâ¶Ô²ß............. 29
4.3 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹµÍ¨¹ÜÀí......................... 33
4.3.1 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹµÍ¨ÎÊÌâ½âÎö............. 33
4.3.2 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹµÍ¨¹ÜÀí¶Ô²ß........... 34
4.4 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵļ¤Àø²ßÂÔ................... 37
4.4.1 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӼ¤ÀøʧЧÎÊÌâ·ÖÎö............. 37
4.4.2 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӼ¤Àø¶Ô²ß...................... 38

µÚÎåÕ ½á ÂÛ ............................. 44

 

µÚËÄÕ D ¹«Ë¾¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè·ÖÎöÓë¶Ô²ß

 

»ùÓÚÇ°ÎÄ·ÖÎö£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ×ܽáµÃ³ö´Ë¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÎÊÌâ½ÏΪ¸´ÔÓ£¬Éæ¼°Ãæ½Ï¹ã£¬´ÓÈËÔ±ÅäÖᢹµÍ¨ÇþµÀ¼°¼¤ÀøÖƶȵȸ÷·½Ãæ¾ùÓв»¾¡ÈËÒâÖ®´¦¡£×Ðϸ·ÖÎö£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬Ö÷ÒªÊǹ«Ë¾Î´¶ÔÏȽøµÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÀíÂÛµÄÓèÒÔÖØÊÓ£¬Ã»Óн¨Á¢ÆðÓÐʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷ÒâÒåµÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíÖƶȡ£Òò´Ë£¬±¾ÎÄÔÚ·ÖÎöÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÏÖ×´µÄ»ù´¡Ö®ÉÏ£¬½áºÏÏȽøµÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÀíÂÛ£¬Ï£Íû½¨Á¢ÆðÐÐÖ®ÓÐЧµÄ£¬ÓÐʵ¼ÊÖ¸µ¼×÷Óõģ¬·ûºÏ¹«Ë¾ÏîÄ¿¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèµÄʵʩ·½°¸¡£

 

4.1 ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèµÄ»ù±¾Ë¼Â·
ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÖ÷ÒªÊǼÓÇ¿¶ÔÈ˵ĹÜÀí£¬Ö÷ÒªÈÎÎñ°üÀ¨ÈËÔ±µÄÓÐЧÅäÖá¢Öƶ¨ºÏÀíµÄÅàѵ¼Æ»®¡¢¶ÔÍŶӳÉÔ±½øÐпÆѧµÄ¼¤Àø¡¢ÈçºÎ¼ÓÇ¿¹µÍ¨²¢¶ÔÈËÔ±¼¨Ð§½øÐйÜÀíµÈÄÚÈÝ¡£¶ÔÍŶӽøÐÐÓÐЧµÄ½¨É裬¿ÉÒÔ½¨Éè³öÒ»Ö§¸ßЧµÄÍŶӡ£Õë¶Ô D ¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíËùÕ¹ÏÖ³öÀ´µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÎÒÃÇÔËÓùÜÀíѧ£¬Éç»áѧµÈѧ¿ÆÖеÄÀíÂÛ´ÓÍŶÓÈËÔ±¹ÜÀí¡¢ÍŶӹµÍ¨¼°ÍŶӼ¤ÀøÈý·½Ãæ½øÐзÖÎöÑо¿£¬²¢½áºÏ¹«Ë¾Êµ¼ÊÇé¿öÌá³öÏàÓ¦µÄ½¨ÒéºÍ¶Ô²ß£¬ÒÔ°ïÖú D ¹«Ë¾½øÐÐÍŶӽ¨É裬ÒÔ´ïµ½¸ü¿ì¸üºÃ½¨É蹤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄÄ¿µÄ¡£
ÔÚÈËÔ±ÅäÖ÷½Ã棬ÏȽáºÏÈËÔ±ÅäÖõÄÏà¹ØÀíÂÛ£¬¶Ô D ¹«Ë¾ÈËÔ±ÅäÖõIJ»×ã½øÐзÖÎö£¬Ã÷È·ÈËÔ±ÅäÖõĻù±¾Ô­Ôò¡¢·½·¨¼°×¢ÒâÊÂÏÔÙ½áºÏÀíÂÛ¶Ô¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄʵ¼ÊÐèÇó½øÐзÖÎö£¬Éè¼Æ³ö·ûºÏʵ¼ÊµÄ¡¢±ãÓÚʵʩµÄÈËÔ±ÅäÖ÷½°¸£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤ÏîÄ¿Ä¿±êµÃÒÔʵÏÖ¡£

¶ÔÓÚ¹µÍ¨ÎÊÌ⣬´Ó½¨Éè˼·ÉÏÀ´½²£¬µÚÒ»²½½¨Á¢Æð±È½ÏÈ«ÃæµÄ¹µÍ¨¼Æ»®ÊÇΪ±ØÐë¡£¹µÍ¨²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚÂú×㹤×÷ÐèÒªµÄÕýʽ¹µÍ¨£¬¸üÓÐÂú×ãÔ±¹¤ÐèÒªµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¹µÍ¨£¬¹µÍ¨·½Ê½Éϲ»½öÓпÚÍ·¡¢ÊéÃ湵ͨ£¬»¹Óе绰¶ÌÐÅ¡¢QQ¡¢ÓʼþÀ´Íù¡¢ÍøÂçͨÐŵȸ÷·½ÃæµÄ¹µÍ¨·½Ê½¡£Õë¶Ô±¾¹«Ë¾µÄס·¿¹¤³Ì°²ÖÃÏîÄ¿£¬Ó¦¸ÃÏÈÃ÷Îú¹µÍ¨²»³©µÄÔµÓÉ£¬ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡ÉÏÖƶ¨¹µÍ¨·½°¸¡¢ÍêÉƹµÍ¨ÇþµÀ£¬¼ÈҪͨ¹ý¶¨ÆڵŤ×÷Àý»á°²ÅŹ¤×÷¡¢´«´ï˼Ïë¡¢»ã±¨¹¤×÷½ø¶È£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²Òª½¨Á¢·á¸»¹µÍ¨ÇþµÀ±£Õϸ÷²ã¼¶¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±¼°Ê±µÄÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷£¬½â¾öÏîĿʵʩ¹ý³ÌÖеÄÍ»·¢ÎÊÌâ¡£´ËÍ⣬»¹ÐèҪעÒâ±£Ö¤ÍŶÓÖ®¼ä¹ØϵµÄºÍгÐÔ£¬±£Ö¤ÍŶӳÉÔ±¼äÓ¦ÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄ¹µÍ¨ÒâÔ¸¡£

 

ijס·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè·ÖÎö,ÍŶӹÜÀíÂÛÎÄ

 

 

µÚÎåÕ ½á ÂÛ

 

¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè¶Ô¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀí¶øÑÔÒâÒåÖØ´ó£¬ÊÇÏîÄ¿ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö£¬Ñо¿¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíÒ²ÓÐÀûÓÚÏîÄ¿ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´½¨É裬¶ÔÓÚÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´µÄÓÐЧÅäÖá¢ÏîÄ¿µÄ¼¨Ð§ÓÅ»¯¹ÜÀí¡¢ÏîÄ¿½ø¶ÈµÄÌáÉý¾ùÓÐÍƶ¯×÷Óá£Òò´Ë£¬ÉîÈëÑо¿¸Ã¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèÓë¹ÜÀí£¬¶ÔÕû¸öÏîÄ¿µÄʵ¼ÊÔËÓÃÓÐ×ÅÖØÒªÒâÒå¡£
±¾ÎÄÊ×ÏȻعËÁËÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨ÉèµÄÏà¹ØÑо¿ÏÖ×´£¬½ø¶ø¶ÔÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíÏà¹ØÀíÂÛÊáÀí£¬ÈÏΪÏÖÓÐÑо¿ÖÐÉв»¹»ÍêÉÆ¡£ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡Ö®ÉÏ£¬±ÊÕß½áºÏÏà¹ØÀíÂÛ£¬¶Ô D¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӽ¨Éè½øÐÐÁËÈ«Ã桢ϵͳ¡¢ÉîÈëµØÑо¿¡£¶Ôס·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíµÄÏÖ×´¼°ÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÁËÉîÈë·ÖÎö£¬²¢¶ÔÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÁËÆÊÎö£¬ÇÒÌá³öÁËÓÅ»¯½â¾ö¶Ô²ß¡£Ö÷Òª½áÂÛÈçÏÂ:
µÚÒ»£¬Õë¶Ô D ¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÏîÄ¿µÄʵ¼Ê×´¿ö£¬Ö¸³ö¸ÃÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀí´æÔÚÒÔÏÂÖ÷ÒªÎÊÌâ:´«Í³µÄÈËÔ±ÅäÖ÷½Ê½Ê¹µÃÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÈËÔ±ÅäÖò»ÄÜÂú×ãÏîÄ¿µÄʵ¼ÊÐèÇó£»¹µÍ¨ÇþµÀµÄ²»ÍêÉƼÓÖ®ÍŶӳÉÔ±¹µÍ¨ÐèÇóµÄ²»×ãµ¼ÖÂÁËÐÅÏ¢²»ÄÜÔÚÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓÖÐ׼ȷ¡¢¸ßЧµÄ´«µÝ£»¹úÓÐÆóÒµ¼¨Ð§¿¼ºË“Îȶ¨¡¢È˺͔µÄÀíÄîʹµÃÆ伤Àø»úÖÆʧȥÁËÔ­ÓеÄ×÷Óá£
µÚ¶þ£¬Õë¶Ô D ¹«Ë¾×¡·¿°²Öù¤³ÌÍŶӹÜÀíµÄÏÖ×´¼°ÎÊÌ⣬½áºÏÏà¹ØÀíÂÛ£¬Ã÷ÎúÁËÔÚʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷ÖÐÓ¦¸ÃÇÒ±ØÐë×ñÊصĻù±¾Ô­Ôò¡£
µÚÈý£¬·ÖÎö¹¤³Ì¾ßÌåÎÊÌâµÄÔ­ÒòÖ®ºó£¬´ÓÈËÔ±ÅäÖᢹµÍ¨¹ÜÀí¡¢¼¤Àø²ßÂÔÈý·½ÃæÌá³öÁ˾ßÌåµÄ¡¢¿ÉʵʩµÄ½â¾ö¶Ô²ß¡£
±¾Ñо¿µÄ´´ÐÂÖ®´¦ÓÐÒÔϼ¸µã£º
µÚÒ»£¬½áºÏ¹úÓÐÆóÒµ¹¤³Ì½¨ÉèʵÀý£¬´ÓÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíºÏͬΪ»ù´¡µÄ¼×·½Êӽǣ¬Ñо¿²»Í¬ÀûÒæÖ÷ÌåÐγɵÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀí£¬Ñо¿ÊӽǽÏΪÌØÊ⣬±È½ÏÓÐÕë¶ÔÐÔ¡£

µÚ¶þ£¬ÔÚÑо¿ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀíʱ£¬¿¼ÂÇÁËÔÚ×éÖ¯¿¼ºË¹Ì»¯µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÈçºÎ¶ÔÏîÄ¿³ÉÔ±½øÐм¨Ð§¿¼ºËµÄÎÊÌ⣬²¢¶ÔÆä½øÐÐÁËdzÂÔ̽Îö£¬¶Ô¹úÓÐÆóÒµ´óÐ͹¤³Ì½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÍŶӹÜÀí¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ½è¼øÒâÒå¡£


²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×:

[1] ÕÔÑà.  ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӼ¤Àø»úÖÆÉè¼ÆÑо¿[J]. ¶«·½ÆóÒµÎÄ»¯2012(09)
[2] ¶­ÔóÇå,Åíº£·å.  ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӼ¤Àø»úÖÆ·ÖÎö[J]. ÖйúË®ÔË(Ï°ëÔ¿¯)2010(11)
[3] ÕÅÁÕ,Ñî½Ü,Öܾ°Ñô.  ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵļ¤Àø·ÖÎö[J]. ¼ÛÖµ¹¤³Ì2010(19)
[4] ÑîæÃ,¸ßÖÒÁÖ.  ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÖеĸßЧÍŶӽ¨Éè[J]. ¾­Óª¹ÜÀíÕß2009(23)
[5] Íõäìäì,ÀîÆôÃ÷.  Ê©¹¤ÏîÄ¿¹ÜÀíÖйµÍ¨ÌåϵµÄ¹¹½¨Ì½ÌÖ[J]. ¼ÛÖµ¹¤³Ì2009(11)
[6] ¾£ÄþÄþ.  ¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿Éè¼ÆÍŶӵÄ֪ʶÁ÷[J]. ºÓº£´óѧѧ±¨(ÕÜѧÉç»á¿Æѧ°æ)2008(04)
[7] ÏĺìÔÆ,ÑîÁÖȪ,ÍôС½ð.  ÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÌص㼰ÆäÓ¦ÓÃÎÊÌâ̽ÌÖ[J]. ÉÌÒµÑо¿2007(07)
[8] ÕÅÎÄ,ÐìСƽ.  ´´½¨¸ßЧÏîÄ¿ÍŶӵÄÀíÂÛ˼¿¼[J]. ½­Î÷½ÌÓýѧԺѧ±¨(Éç»á¿Æѧ)2005(02)
[9] »ÆÓñÇå.  ³åÍ»¹ÜÀí:´´½¨¸ß¼¨Ð§µÄÏîÄ¿ÍŶÓ[J]. ÖйúÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¿ª·¢2005(04)
[10] ÖìÏþ·å.  ÉúÃüÖÜÆÚ·½·¨ÂÛ[J]. ¿ÆѧѧÑо¿2004(06)



±¾ÎıàºÅ£º10898

×ÊÁÏÏÂÔØ
ÂÛÎÄ·¢±í

±¾ÎÄÁ´½Ó£ºhttps://www.wllwen.com/guanlilunwen/xiangmuguanli/10898.html


Copyright(c)ÎÄÂÛÂÛÎÄÍøAll Rights Reserved | ÍøÕ¾µØͼ |

°æȨÉêÃ÷£º×ÊÁÏÓÉÓû§54441***Ìṩ£¬±¾Õ¾½öÊÕ¼ժҪ»òĿ¼£¬×÷ÕßÐèҪɾ³ýÇëE-mailÓÊÏäbigeng88@qq.com