非常规突发事件应急响应可靠性机理研究

发布时间：2018-04-24 21:56

  本文选题：应急响应 + 应急指挥系统　； 参考：《华中科技大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：应急响应是突发事件应急管理的关键环节,应急响应的好与坏直接决定了突发事件所带来的损失的严重程度。在我国应急响应称为应急处置与救援。有关应急响应绩效或评价的研究受到了国外学术界和实践领域的高度重视,特别是在席卷美国南部各州的卡特尼娜飓风后,联邦政府在灾时的响应表现饱受诟病,美国学界开始反思被其视为“灵丹妙药”的应急指挥系统(Incident Command System,即ICS)在应对这类极端事件时究竟存在什么不足以及需要如何改革?这些研究问题在国外已初见成果,但在国内才刚刚起步。2009年8月国家自然科学基金委启动了“非常规突发事件应急管理”的重大项目,此后国内学术界开始关注这类事件并开展了一系列诸如非常规突发事件“应急处置全过程动态评估”、“应急管理体系的组织设计理论与系统评估”的研究,但是究竟如何把研究成果应用于重大突发事件应急处置的实践仍需进一步努力。 现实情况是我国各级政府非常规突发事件应对能力不足,应急响应时存在指挥组织结构不完善、责权不明,指挥部间工作关系不畅、权力转移无规则、协同低效等失灵现象,严重影响了应急响应阶段目标的实现。因此应急响应组织体系面临着如何在有限的时间内有效地协调和管理响应人员及物资以实现处置和救援阶段任务目标的可靠性管理问题。这既是迫切需要解决的现实问题,也是研究领域尚未回答的研究命题。 在明确了选题背景和研究目标后,作者提出了本文试图回答的几个问题：(1)非常规突发事件应急响应常见失灵环节、失灵现象的诱因以及失灵模式是什么?(2)非常规突发事件应急响应的关键影响因素是什么?(3)非常规突发事件应急响应可靠性的机理和形成路径是什么?围绕这些问题,在大量文献研究基础上,作者针对国内外政府应急管理者进行了访谈及大样本的问卷调查,采用典型案例分析、数理统计以及结构方程模型等方法展开上述研究。论文的研究内容和研究成果主要有以下几点： 第一、通过对国内近年四起特大事故灾难案例应急响应过程的梳理和比较分析,论文总结了目前我国重大突发事件应急指挥现状,揭示了这类事故灾难应急响应失灵的常见环节以及主要原因——即应急响应的体制和机制不健全和不完善,在此基础上论文还提出了非常规突发事件应急响应失灵基本模式。 第二、在回顾国内外有关应急响应影响因素与绩效评价的研究基础上,论文提出了非常规突发事件应急响应可靠性机理的概念模型和研究假设,又采用便利抽样方式进行问卷调查,运用Amos软件和SPSS统计分析软件对所获样本数据进行处理、分析和验证。实证研究结果表明：非常规突发事件应急响应过程中的协调能力、合作能力和沟通能力对应急响应可靠性有显著影响；而应急响应组织的协调能力、合作能力和沟通能力又受到应急响应组织体系的组织结构、组织运行机制、组织文化和组织的领导力因素影响,因此要提高应对非常规突发事件的响应能力,需要通过规范应急响应组织结构、完善应急响应组织的运行机制、培育开放有利的组织文化以及提高应急响应组织的领导力水平等与组织因素紧密相关的途径予以实现。SEM分析结果还显示,提高应急响应组织系统的沟通能力是提高应急响应可靠性的关键因素。 第三、在非常规突发事件应急响应可靠性机理实证研究的基础上,论文还探索了提升应急响应可靠性的路径和方法。综合实证研究和访谈结果,四条可以实现应急响应可靠的目标的策略分别是：建立兼具规范性和灵活性的应急响应体制和机制；培育具有开放精神和创新性的组织文化；提高应急领导者的处置能力；转变传统的应急管理思维方式,做好应急准备工作。
[Abstract]:Emergency response is the key link of emergency response management , and the good and bad response of emergency response determines the severity of the loss caused by emergency . The research on emergency response performance or evaluation has been criticized in the academic field of foreign academic and practice . In August 2009 , the national natural science fund commission initiated a series of major projects such as the whole process dynamic assessment of emergency response management , the organization design theory and system assessment of emergency management system . However , further efforts should be made on how to apply the research results to emergency disposal of major emergencies .

The reality is the inadequate response capacity of the government at all levels in our country , the imperfect structure of command organization in the emergency response , the lack of rule of authority transfer , the lack of coordination and inefficiency , which seriously affects the realization of the objective of the emergency response phase . Therefore , the emergency response organization system is confronted with the problem of how to effectively coordinate and manage the response personnel and materials within a limited time to realize the reliability management of the disposal and rescue phases . This is both an urgent problem and a research proposition that has not been answered in the field of research .

After clarifying the background of the topic and the goal of research , the author puts forward several questions to answer : ( 1 ) What is the common failure link of the emergency response of non - conventional emergency , what is the cause of failure and what is the failure mode ? ( 2 ) What are the key influencing factors of the emergency response of non - conventional emergency ?

First , through the carding and comparative analysis of the emergency response process of four special accident disaster cases in China in recent years , the paper summarizes the present situation of emergency command of major emergencies in China , and reveals the common link of the failure of emergency response of such accidents and the main reason _ that is , the system and mechanism of emergency response are not perfect and imperfect .

Secondly , on the basis of reviewing the research on the influencing factors and performance evaluation of emergency response in China and abroad , the paper puts forward the concept model and the research hypothesis of the reliability mechanism of the emergency response of non - conventional emergencies , and carries on the investigation by using the convenient sampling method . The results show that the coordination ability , cooperation ability and communication ability in the emergency response process of unconventional emergencies have significant influence on the reliability of emergency response ;
The coordination ability , cooperation ability and communication ability of emergency response organization are influenced by organizational structure , organization operation mechanism , organizational culture and leadership factor of emergency response organization system . Therefore , it is necessary to improve the response ability of emergency response organization . It is necessary to improve the organization structure of emergency response organization , improve the organization culture of emergency response organization and improve the leadership level of emergency response organization . The SEM analysis results also show that improving communication ability of emergency response organization system is the key factor to improve the reliability of emergency response organization .

Thirdly , on the basis of the empirical research on the reliability mechanism of emergency response , this paper also explores the ways and methods to improve the reliability of emergency response .
Nurturing an organizational culture with an open mind and an innovative nature ;
Improve disposal capacity of emergency leader ;
Transform the traditional mode of emergency management thinking , and do well in emergency preparedness .

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D035.2
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本文编号：1798418