中国慈善组织自治性研究

发布时间：2018-05-09 06:33

本文选题：慈善组织 + 社会治理　；参考：《东北财经大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：当前,我国处于加速向现代公民社会转型的关键期,加之我国自然灾害频发,社会矛盾、社会风险加剧,需要不断创新社会治理形式,提高社会活力,尤其是大力发扬慈善组织等社会组织的活力与功效,这对于维护社会正义、维持社会稳定、加强社会治理、平衡社会资源起着举足轻重的作用。但是由于我国特殊的国情和慈善组织发展的特殊过程,我国慈善组织发展相对滞后,尤其是普遍缺乏自治性,这不仅不能满足民众对慈善组织的期望,单从慈善组织自身的发展来说,自治性的欠缺严重压制了其健康发展的势头。因此,增强我国的慈善组织自治性,一直以来就是学术界和社会各界关注的重点。基于此,本文围绕慈善组织自治性这个核心展开研究,从历史与现实、理论与实践、国内与国外等多角度、多层面展开分析和研究,以期探索增强我国慈善组织自治性的实现路径。具体而言,本论文主要分五个部分：第一部分绪论部分主要介绍了论文的研究背景、选题意义、国内外研究现状以及研究方法,本文主要通过案例研究和比较研究相结合、规范研究与实证研究相结合的方法。第二部分则从理论上梳理了分析慈善组织及其自治性的相关概念和理论基础,由于慈善组织作为一种社会组织,其关系到国家与社会、政府与市场、个人与集体的关系,因此本文着重从公民社会理论、治理理论、社会资本理论等相关理论来分析慈善组织自治性的表现及特征。第三部分是本文重点。首先,通过总结我国慈善组织从封建时代发展到现代的自治性状况,得出了我国慈善组织目前自治性不足的原因具有历史性,内部原因是慈善组织内部无自治意识,外部原因为公众的慈善观念及社会环境、政治环境所致。其次,通过对T市红十字会及T市慈善总会的捐款模式、人员配备、财务流程、自我监督等方面进行实证研究,得出现阶段我国慈善组织在自治性方面主要存在三个问题：监管机构没有发挥其应该发挥的监管作用；内部控制机制严重缺失,没有相应的机制和准则；自治意识淡薄,慈善组织缺乏自主走向自治的动力。而造成中国慈善组织的自治性困境原因则是我国在慈善事业方面并没有完整、成熟的法律体系,慈善组织行政化倾向严重,工作人员慈善专业素养较低等。最后,则从当前社会转型和社会有效治理角度认为,中国慈善组织发展有着强烈的自治性诉求,并且走向自治道路也是其必由之路。第四部分则通过阅读文献研究英国、美国、香港等发达国家和地区慈善组织自治性状况和特点,认为：虽然由于经济环境、文化环境的不同,慈善组织的发展条件各异,但都具有一些共同的特点,如法律与制度的科学安排、多元化监督形式、激励机制、统一的行业标准等,我国的慈善组织不仅可以参考其模式,还可以借鉴其经验发展自己。第五部分就针对当前我国慈善组织的问题,在借鉴国际先进经验的基础上,从三个层面来探索重构中国慈善组织自治性机制路径：一是宏观层面上,通过完善监管法律制度、理清监管权责问题、培育公民监管意识从而建构中国慈善组织监管机制；二是中观的政府层面上,要改变政府管理慈善组织的制度,应努力去除慈善组织的“行政化”色彩,转变政府职能,由控制型行政管理走向培育服务型监管,实现对慈善组织由政府主导转向政府指导；三是从慈善组织内部构建的微观层面来说,慈善组织内部要通过树立自我治理意识、行业自律评级准则、信息披露制度以及加强理事来源多元化、强化监事职责等方面来增强慈善组织的自治性。
[Abstract]:At present, our country is at the key period of accelerating the transformation of modern civil society. In addition, the frequent natural disasters, social contradictions and social risks are increasing in our country. We need to innovate the form of social governance and improve the social vitality, especially to promote the vitality and efficiency of social organizations such as charitable organizations, which is to maintain social justice and maintain social stability. Strengthening social governance and balancing social resources play an important role. However, due to the special national conditions and special process of the development of charitable organizations in China, the development of charitable organizations in our country is lagging behind, especially the lack of autonomy, which can not meet the expectations of the people for charitable organizations. The lack of governance has seriously suppressed the momentum of its healthy development. Therefore, strengthening the autonomy of our charitable organizations has always been the focus of the academic and social circles. Based on this, this paper focuses on the core of the autonomy of charitable organizations, from the history and reality, theory and practice, domestic and foreign, and many aspects. The purpose of this study is to explore ways to enhance the autonomy of charitable organizations in China.
Specifically, this thesis is divided into five parts:
The first part of the introduction mainly introduces the research background of the thesis, the significance of the topic, the current research situation at home and abroad, and the research methods. This article mainly combines case study and comparative research, and combines normative research and empirical research.
The second part analyzes the related concepts and theoretical foundations of charitable organizations and their autonomy in theory. As a kind of social organization, charitable organizations are related to the relationship between state and society, government and market, individual and collective, so this article focuses on the theory of civil society, governance theory, social capital theory and other related theories. To analyze the performance and characteristics of the autonomy of charitable organizations.
The third part is the focus of this article. First, by summarizing the self-government status of our charitable organizations from the feudal era to the modern, the reasons for the lack of autonomy of our charitable organizations are historical, the internal reasons are the non self-government consciousness within the charitable organizations, and the external reasons are due to the public's philanthropy concept and social environment, and the political ring. Secondly, through the empirical research on the donation mode, staffing, financial process and self supervision of the Red Cross Society of T city and the charitable Association of T City, there are three main problems in the autonomy of China's charitable organizations: the regulatory agency does not play the regulatory role it should play; the internal control mechanism is strict. There is no corresponding mechanism and criterion for the lack of autonomy; the consciousness of autonomy is weak and the charitable organizations lack the motive force of autonomy. The cause of the autonomy predicament of Chinese charitable organizations is that there is no complete and mature legal system in our charitable organizations, the political tendency of charitable organizations is serious, and the professional accomplishment of the staff is better than that of the charitable organizations. In the end, from the perspective of social transformation and social effective governance, the development of Chinese charitable organizations has a strong autonomy demand, and it is also the only way to the road of autonomy.
The fourth part, through reading literature, studies the status and characteristics of the autonomy of charitable organizations in the developed countries and regions such as the United Kingdom, the United States and the Hongkong. It is believed that, although the economic environment, the cultural environment are different and the conditions of the development of charitable organizations are different, they all have some common characteristics, such as the scientific arrangement of law and system and the form of diversified supervision. Incentive mechanism and unified industry standard, our charitable organizations can not only refer to their models, but also learn from their experience and develop themselves.
The fifth part, in view of the current problems of our country's charitable organizations, explores and reconstructs the autonomy mechanism path of Chinese charitable organizations from three levels on the basis of the advanced international experience: first, on the macro level, by perfecting the regulatory legal system, clearing the issue of supervision and responsibility, cultivating the consciousness of civil supervision and thus constructing the Chinese charitable organization. Supervision mechanism; two, at the middle level of the government, to change the system of the government to manage charitable organizations, we should try to remove the "administrative" color of the charitable organization, change the government function, move from the control administration to the cultivation of the service regulation, realize the diversion of the charitable organization from the government guidance to the government guidance; and the three is from the internal structure of the charitable organization. At the micro level of construction, the charitable organization should strengthen the autonomy of charitable organizations by establishing self governance consciousness, industry self-discipline rating criteria, information disclosure system and strengthening the pluralism of the director's source and strengthening the duty of the supervisors.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D632.9

【参考文献】