大学生创业意向及其与社会文化、人格的关系

发布时间：2018-07-20 11:29

【摘要】：创业能促进国家创新和经济增长,加快经济结构调整,缩小地区问的财富差距,解决就业问题、民族问题和贫困人口问题,并且促使原有的老公司继续良好发展。大学是未来创业者的重要人才储备库,要促进大学生参与创业活动,首先要使大学生拥有创业意向,因为“创业行为的背后是创业意向”(Krueger,2007)。当前我国大学生的创业意向基本状况如何,对此问题展开探讨的研究并不多,而这些信息对于政府及有关社会机构进行政策制定有重要的意义。近些年来,文化对创业意向的影响逐渐受到学者的关注。计划行为理论指出,主观规范对创业意向有显著的预测作用,主观规范指的是从事或不从事某项行为所感知到的社会压力,而社会文化也会对个体产生一种社会压力,或者鼓励其创业行为,或者抑制其创业行为,与创业意向之间可能会存在联系。如果一个国家或地区的文化鼓励创新、冒险和创业,那么相对于文化氛围不鼓励甚至反对创业的国家或地区,其社会成员就会更倾向于将创业看作是值得去做的事情,因此会持有更高的创业意向。但是,当前关于文化与创业意向关系的研究很少。另外,创业事件模型指出,行为倾向(人格特征)是创业意向的一个重要预测变量,在影响创业意向的个体因素中,人格是非常重要的一个变量。已有研究采用大五人格理论考察了人格与创业意向之间的关系,但结果存在不一致,因此,有必要继续对大五人格与创业意向之间的关系进行考察。综上所述,本研究拟探讨文化、人格与创业意向三者之间的关系。本研究采用大学生创业意向量表、价值观调查问卷(VSM08)中文版、大五人格问卷(NEO-FFI)中文版测量了2198名大学生。采用SPSS13.0和AMOS7.0统计分析软件进行了数据分析。本研究获得以下研究结论： 1、我国想创业的大学生比例是79.3%,但创业意向的整体水平并不高。大学生的创业目标意向显著高于其创业执行意向。男大学生的创业目标意向和创业执行意向均显著高于女大学生,专科大学生的创业目标意向和创业执行意向均显著高于本科大学生；医学类大学生的创业目标意向最低,文学类和经管类大学生的创业目标意向不存在显著差异,理工类大学生的创业目标意向最高。创业目标意向和创业执行意向之间的差异随着学校类型和性别的不同而不同,具体来讲,专科生的创业目标意向与创业执行意向之间的差别要大于本科生,男生的创业目标意向与创业执行意向之间的差别要大于女生。 2、不确定性避免能够显著负向预测创业目标意向。宽容既能够显著正向预测创业目标意向,也能显著负向预测创业执行意向。创业目标意向能显著正向预测创业执行意向。 3、开放性、责任心、外向性和神经质能显著正向预测创业目标意向,责任心和神经质能显著正向预测创业执行意向,宜人性显著负向预测创业执行意向。对于男生来讲,宜人性显著负向预测创业执行意向,而对于女生来讲,宜人性不能显著预测创业执行意向。对于农村大学生来讲,外向性显著正向预测创业执行意向,宜人性显著负向预测创业执行意向,但对于城市大学生来讲,外向性和宜人性不能显著预测创业执行意向。对于本科大学生来讲,神经质和责任心能显著正向预测创业执行意向,但宜人性不能显著预测创业执行意向,对于专科大学生来讲,神经质和责任心不能显著预测创业执行意向,但宜人性能显著负向预测创业执行意向。 4、对于大学生来讲,大五人格对不确定性避免和宽容与创业意向之间的关系起到完全中介作用。大五人格对文化与创业意向关系的中介作用会由于性别、城乡、学校类型的不同而存在差别,这种差别主要体现在人格与创业意向的关系上。本研究从创业目标意向和创业执行意向两个方面对创业意向进行了测量,从而对创业意向与行为之间的关系能够进行更详细的探讨。本研究根据霍夫斯泰德的文化理论初步探讨了文化与创业意向之间的关系,这为进一步的两者关系研究做出了有益尝试。本研究考察了文化、人格与创业意向之间有调节的中介效应关系,表明了文化对创业意向的作用途径。文章还分析了研究结果对大学生、政府部门、创业公益组织、高校的实践意义。
[Abstract]:Entrepreneurship can promote national innovation and economic growth, accelerate economic restructuring, reduce the wealth gap asked by the region, solve employment problems, national problems and the problem of poor population, and encourage the old companies to continue to develop well. College students have entrepreneurial intention, because "entrepreneurial behavior is behind the entrepreneurial intention" (Krueger, 2007). At present, the basic situation of the entrepreneurial intention of our university students is not much, and the information is of great significance to the policy making of the government and the relevant social institutions. In recent years, the culture has been created. The influence of business intention is gradually concerned by scholars. The theory of planned behavior points out that subjective norms have a significant predictive effect on entrepreneurial intention, and that subjective norms refer to social pressures perceived by or not engaged in a certain act, and that social culture also produces social pressure on individuals, or encourages their entrepreneurial behavior, or inhibits their behavior. If the culture of a country or region encourages innovation, adventure and entrepreneurship, the members of the society are more likely to think of entrepreneurship as something worth doing than a country or an area where the cultural atmosphere is not encouraging or even starting a business. However, there are few studies on the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial intention. In addition, the entrepreneurial event model points out that behavior tendency (personality traits) is an important predictor of entrepreneurial intention, and personality is a very important variable in the individual factors affecting entrepreneurial intention. It is necessary to continue to examine the relationship between the five personality and the entrepreneurial intention. To sum up, this study intends to explore the relationship between the three groups of culture, personality and entrepreneurial intention.
In this study, 2198 college students were measured by the Chinese version of the questionnaire (VSM08) and the Chinese version of the Five Personality Questionnaire (NEO-FFI). The data were analyzed by the SPSS13.0 and AMOS7.0 statistical analysis software. The following conclusions were obtained:
1, the proportion of college students who want to start a business is 79.3%, but the overall level of entrepreneurial intention is not high. The intention of College Students' entrepreneurial goal is significantly higher than that of their entrepreneurial intention. At the undergraduate level, the goal intention of the medical college students is the lowest. There is no significant difference in the intention intention of the literature and management students. The intention of the college students is the highest. The difference between the intention of the enterprise and the intention of execution is different with the type and sex of the school. The difference between the intention of entrepreneurial goal and the intention of execution is greater than that of the undergraduates. The difference between the intention of the male students and the intention of execution is greater than that of the girls.
2, uncertainty avoidance can significantly negatively predict the intention of entrepreneurial goal. Tolerance can both significantly positively predict the intention of the entrepreneurial goal, and also significantly negatively predict the execution intention of the venture.
3, openness, responsibility, extroversion and neuroticism can positively predict the intention of the venture, while the sense of responsibility and neuroticism can positively predict the execution intention of the venture, and the agreeableness significantly negatively predicts the execution intention of the venture. For the boys, the pleasant sex is significantly negative to predict the execution intention of the venture, while for the girls, the agreeableness can not be significant. For rural college students, extroversion significantly positively predicts entrepreneurial execution intention, agreeableness significantly negatively predicts entrepreneurial execution intention, but for urban college students, extroversion and agreeableness can not significantly predict entrepreneurial execution intention. For undergraduate students, neuroticism and responsibility can be significantly positive. The intention of entrepreneurial execution is predicted, but agreeableness can not significantly predict the execution intention of entrepreneurship. For college students, the neuroticism and responsibility can not significantly predict the execution intention of the venture, but the pleasant performance is significantly negative to predict the execution intention of the venture.
4, for college students, the big five personality plays a complete intermediary role in the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and tolerance and entrepreneurial intention. The mediating role of the big five personality on the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial intention is different from gender, urban and rural, and the type of school. This difference is mainly reflected in the relationship between personality and entrepreneurial intention.
In this study, we measure the entrepreneurial intention from two aspects: the intention of entrepreneurial goal and the intention to execute the venture, so that the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior can be discussed in more detail. The relationship between culture and entrepreneurial intention is preliminarily discussed based on Hofstede's cultural theory, which is a further relationship between the two. This study examines the mediating relationship between culture, personality and entrepreneurial intention, which indicates the role of culture on entrepreneurial intention. The article also analyzes the practical significance of the research results to college students, government departments, entrepreneurial public welfare organizations and universities.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：B844.2;G647.38

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