英国核战略研究

发布时间：2018-07-25 17:27

【摘要】：英国既是世界上第一个指出原子弹研制能够现实可行和第一个决定制造原子弹的国家,也是继美苏两个超级大国之后世界上第三个拥有核武器的国家。无论是核力量运行战略还是核武器发展战略,也不论是核力量规模布局还是核战略决策机制,英国的核战略都带有其自身的独有特征,在中等规模核国家中独树一帜。武器的发展促进战略理论的发展。英国早期的核武器研制,为英国核战略的起源播下了种子,为英国核战略的形成做了物质上和理论上的准备。英国独立核威慑政策的形成有其独特的国际背景和战略考量。首先,这是原子能国际控制政策失败的战略必然；其次,这是应对苏联威胁的战略需要；再次,这是栓住美国并与之维系“特殊关系”的战略考量；最后,这也是维护英国大国地位和安全利益的战略追求。英国核战略与美国始终联系在一起。由于国家实力的下降和英美“特殊关系”的影响,英国核战略一直在追求完全独立与摆脱对美依赖之间摇摆,但最终还是摆脱不了相当程度上依赖美国的命运。由此,以英美核关系作为基调来分析,1958年后的英国核战略可以分为三个阶段：1958年至1969年,是与美国走向相互依赖的阶段；1969年至1991年,是对美国依赖逐渐加深的阶段；后冷战时期的英国核战略是处于调整之中的阶段。 “最低核威慑战略”是英国核战略的主体内容,是英国国家安全战略的基础。具体来看,以威慑求安全并以西方集体安全确保本土安全是英国核战略的指导思想。冷战期间主要以苏联及其华约集团为目标,冷战后无固定目标；冷战期间以摧毁敌方大城市等面目标、软目标为主,冷战后以点目标为主是英国核力量运用战略。坚持有限规模、有效威慑原则,注重单一战略核力量发展是其核力量发展战略。20世纪60年代以前以原殖民地为据点全球部署核力量,20世纪70年代以来以战略核潜艇为主体全球巡航是英国核力量部署战略。主张核裁军和原子能国际控制,积极参与国际多边核军控条约,努力促进美苏核裁军谈判是英国核军备控制政策的主要内容。跟世界上其他有核国家的核战略相比,英国的核战略有其自身的鲜明特点,主要体现在与美国不对称相互依赖性、注重防御性、强调结盟性、内容模糊性、倾向报复性等方面。这些特点反映了一个没落大国的战略追求和现实困境,深深地打上了自身民族文化、特别是战略文化的烙印。英国核决策机制也独具特色。在严酷的战争环境和东西方尖锐对阵的冷战早期,英国更是注重原子能决策的秘密性,首相及其心腹大臣组成人数极少的原子能顾问委员会构成了英国早期核决策的核心。从英国核决策的机构组成来看,首相与内阁是核心决策机构,议会是重要决策机构,财政部、国防部、外交及联邦事务部等相关部门也发挥重要作用,行政机构中的相关文职官员对包括核政策在内的整个政策制定都有重要影响。英国核决策也是其国家政治势力博弈和国家利益权衡的结果,受到国际环境的制约作用、政党政治的主导作用、经济条件的束缚作用、大众舆论的影响作用和战略文化的深层影响。英国的核战略自产生之日起就面临诸多困境,引起广泛争议。冷战结束后,英国国内民众和政治上层对于英国核战略究竟是保持“独立性”还是完全依赖于美国、英国核威慑的效果是否有效、苏格兰独立对英国核战略的影响、英国作为拥有核武器的安理会常任理事国究竟在核裁军中扮演怎样的角色等问题展开了广泛讨论,引起了广泛关注。这些问题的重新浮现反映了新时期英国核战略所面临的困境依然严峻,前景不明。
[Abstract]:Britain is the first country in the world to point out that the development of atomic bombs can be practical and the first decision to make atomic bombs. It is also the third country in the world to have nuclear weapons after the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union. Whether it is the nuclear power operation strategy or the nuclear weapon development strategy, it is also the nuclear power scale layout or the nuclear war. The British nuclear strategy has its own unique characteristics and is unique among medium-sized nuclear powers.
The development of weapons promoted the development of strategic theory. The early British nuclear weapons development had seeded the British nuclear strategy, and made material and theoretical preparations for the formation of the British nuclear strategy.
The formation of the British independent nuclear deterrent policy has its unique international background and strategic consideration. First of all, this is the strategic necessity of the failure of the international control policy of atomic energy; secondly, this is the strategic need to deal with the threat of the Soviet Union; again, this is the strategic consideration of the United States and its "special relationship"; finally, this is the maintenance of Great Britain. The strategic pursuit of the status of the country and the interests of security.
The British nuclear strategy has always been linked with the United States. Because of the decline of national strength and the influence of "special relationship" between the United States and the United States, the British nuclear strategy has been pursuing complete independence and shaking off its dependence on the United States, but ultimately it can not get rid of the fate of the United States to a considerable extent. Thus, the analysis of the British and American nuclear relations as the keynote is 19. 58 years later, the British nuclear strategy can be divided into three stages: from 1958 to 1969, it is the phase of interdependence with the United States; from 1969 to 1991, it is a gradual deepening stage of American dependence; the British nuclear strategy in the post Cold War period is in the stage of adjustment.
The "minimum nuclear deterrence strategy" is the main content of the British nuclear strategy and the basis of the British national security strategy. In particular, the guiding ideology of the British nuclear strategy is to deter security and ensure local security with Western collective security. During the cold war, the Soviet Union and its Hua contract group were mainly targeted, and the cold war had no fixed goals; during the cold war period. In order to destroy the target of the enemy's big cities and the soft targets, the point target is the British nuclear power strategy after the cold war. To adhere to the limited scale, the effective deterrence principle and the development of the single strategic nuclear power is the nuclear power development strategy in the 60s.20 century by the original colony as a global nuclear force. In 1970s, The main content of the British nuclear arms control policy is to advocate nuclear disarmament and international control of atomic energy, actively participate in international multilateral nuclear arms control treaties, and promote the negotiations on nuclear disarmament of the United States and the Soviet Union.
Compared with the nuclear strategy of other nuclear countries in the world, Britain's nuclear strategy has its own distinctive features, mainly reflected in its asymmetric interdependence with the United States, focusing on defensive nature, emphasizing alliance, ambiguity and retaliation. These characteristics reflect the strategic pursuit and realistic predicament of a falling country, and deeply hit it. On the brand of their own national culture, especially the strategic culture.
The British nuclear decision-making mechanism is also unique. In the early cold war, in the harsh war environment and the sharp confrontation between the East and the west, Britain paid more attention to the secrets of the atomic energy decision. The prime minister and his chancellor, with a small number of atomic energy advisory committees, constituted the core of the early British nuclear decision. The cabinet is the core decision-making body, the parliament is an important decision-making body, the Ministry of finance, the Ministry of defense, the Ministry of foreign affairs and the Federal Affairs Department also play an important role. The relevant civilian officials in the administration have an important impact on the whole policy formulation, including the nuclear policy. The result of the balance of the interests of the family is restricted by the international environment, the leading role of the political party, the binding of the economic conditions, the influence of the public opinion and the deep influence of the strategic culture.
Since the end of the cold war, after the end of the cold war, the British domestic people and the political upper level have maintained "independence" on the British nuclear strategy, or is it entirely dependent on the United States, whether the effect of the British nuclear deterrence is effective, the independence of Scotland on the British nuclear strategy, the British as a The widespread discussion of what the permanent members of the Security Council have played in nuclear disarmament has aroused wide attention. The reemergence of these problems reflects the difficulties faced by the British nuclear strategy in the new period, and the prospect is unclear.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G451

【相似文献】