美国《让每个孩子成功法》研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 08:31

本文选题：美国　切入点：《让每个孩子成功法》　出处：《山东师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：21世纪,追求公平和卓越成为世界教育发展的新趋势,为了应对全球化所带来的竞争与挑战,使美国学生能在21世纪的知识经济社会中获得竞争力,为了维持美国在国际舞台上的经济大国和教育大国地位,美国势必要在教育改革上做出回应。2015年12月10日,美国总统奥巴马签署了《让每个孩子成功法》。《让每个孩子成功法》一经颁布便获得各方的赞扬和掌声,被誉为“圣诞奇迹”。美国各大媒体纷纷对新法案的核心内容及其影响展开了热烈的讨论。新法将自2017-2018学年开始全面生效。《让每个孩子成功法》是颁布了50年之久的《初等和中等教育法》的最新授权。《初等和中等教育法》被视为公民权利法案的宝贵遗产,致力于弥合教育差距,促进教育公平,提高基础教育质量。它的上一次再授权是《不让一个孩子掉队法》。作为影响新世纪美国基础教育改革的重要法律,《不让一个孩子掉队法》在诸多方面都迈出了重要的一步。然而它并没有从根本上改善美国基础教育质量的现状,反因实施过程中产生的诸多问题而饱受诟病。《让每个孩子成功法》由此接棒,目标并没有改变,只是在策略上做出调整。正如奥巴马总统所说“新法案重申了最基本的美国理想,那就是每一个儿童,不管种族、收入、背景、地区,都应该有机会成就他们的生活。”新法从名称上释放出更加积极的信号,集中于一个明确的目标,那就是让所有学生为大学和就业成功做好准备。对于新法,各州跃跃欲试,纷纷响应,积极着手展开了法案的实施工作。然而在实施过程中,各州也不免遭遇种种挑战。《让每个孩子成功法》初衷甚好,但其未来的前景及在执行的复杂过程中对美国中小学教育改革与发展到底能够产生何种影响,尚需拭目以待。另外,美国总统换届是否会对新法实施产生影响还是未知数。本论文是对《让每个孩子成功法》来龙去脉的集中探讨。论文主体部分分为四个章节。第一章探析了《让每个孩子成功法》的出台背景。该部分首先阐述了美国历届政府对教育公平的不懈追求,然后分析了美国教育的现实问题,而经济危机的发生成为奥巴马大刀阔斧的进行教育改革的切入点。最后指出社会各界对《不让一个孩子掉队法》的质疑成为推动《让每个孩子成功法》出台的导火索。第二章从教育评价回归地方负责制、弱势群体的细分和扶持、高质量教育者的培养、21世纪学校的构建和新的教育计划如学前教育、STEM教育、公民与历史教育等方面对《让每个孩子成功法》的主要内容展开了介绍。第三章集中梳理了《让每个孩子成功法》在各州的实施情况。新法颁布后,各州迅速成立工作小组对新法展开研究,积极响应相关规定,针对各州教育实际展开规划和行动。然而在实施法案过程中各州也不得不应对时间紧迫、任务艰巨、人员不足等尴尬局面。最后一章是通过分析美国教育管理中联邦和州的权限调整、论述美国教育的工具理性以及探讨美国教育系统的整合这三个方面对《让每个孩子成功法》进行反思。
[Abstract]:In twenty-first Century, the pursuit of fairness and excellence has become a new trend in the development of education, in order to cope with the competition and challenge brought by globalization, the students can gain a competitive edge in the society of knowledge economy in twenty-first Century, the United States in the international arena in order to maintain the economic power and education status of great power, the United States will respond to.2015 year in December 10th in the education reform the United States, President Obama signed the "let each child successful method for the success of every child >.< law > was published will get all the praise and applause, known as the" Christmas miracle ". In the United States have most of the new bill of core and influence discussions will be since the beginning of the 2017-2018 school year. Full force. For the success of every child is enacted law > 50 years of elementary and secondary education law > < the authorization. The elementary and secondary education law is regarded as a citizen The precious heritage of the bill of rights, is committed to bridging the gap in education, promote educational equity, improve the quality of basic education. It is the last time the authorization is "No Child Left Behind Act. As the impact of the new century important law in American basic education reform," no child left behind law in many areas have taken an important step forward. However, it did not fundamentally improve the status of the quality of basic education in the United States, many problems arising in the process of the implementation of anti criticized. Let each child successful law thus taking over, goal has not changed, just make adjustments in strategy. As president Obama said "the new bill reiterated the most basic American ideal, that is every child, regardless of race, income, background, area, should have the opportunity to achieve their life." the release from the name of a more positive signal, focus on a A clear goal, that is to let all the students prepare for college and career success. For the new law, states have responded positively to the implementation of the act commenced. However, in the implementation process, they also inevitably encounter challenges. Let every child to work very well but its original intention >, future prospects and complex in the process of execution of what can affect the reform and development of education in primary and secondary schools in the United States, still need to wait and see. In addition, the United States presidential election will affect the implementation of the new law is still unknown. This paper is focused on "let each child successfully. Sequence of events law > the main part of the thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter of < let each child successful law > background. The first part of the American government's unremitting pursuit of the fairness of education, and then analyzes the American Education The real problem, while the economic crisis has become the starting point of education reform. Finally, Obama pointed out that the community make snap on "No Child Left Behind Act > become the question" for the success of every child law. The second chapter introduced the fuse from regression of Party education evaluation responsibility system, subdivision and vulnerable groups support, training high quality education, school construction in twenty-first Century and the new educational programs such as preschool education, STEM education, citizenship and history education and other aspects of the main content of "making the success of every child law". The third chapter introduces in combs < for the success of every child in the implementation of state law. After the promulgation of the new law, the States quickly set up a working group to study the law, actively respond to the relevant provisions of the state education planning and actual action. However, the states in the implementation process of bill or not With time, the task is arduous, staff shortage and other embarrassing situation. The last chapter is the analysis of authority of federal and state of American education management, discusses the instrumental rationality of American education and to explore the integration of the American education system of the three aspects of "let each child successful law > reflection.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G571.2

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