山西书院建筑的调查与实例分析
发布时间：2019-04-01 13:54
【摘要】： 书院是中国封建社会一种独特的文化机构，它介于官学和私学之间，集藏书、校书、读书、治学于一体。在中国悠久的教育史上，起到了补充官学，传承文明，传播思想文化的重要作用。虽然作为一种传统的办学方式，书院已随着历史的流逝而成为过去，但其内在的文化特点却是中国文人阶层读书治学、聚徒讲学、传播文化思想的场所，体现的是中国文人的品位和追求，使得书院建筑打上了文人建筑的印记，成为有别于官式建筑和民间建筑的另一类型传统建筑。书院建筑是书院文化的物化载体，具有教学、祭祀、藏书“三大事业”的完整规制，平面布局有强烈的“礼制”特征，并在选址和风景环境的经营中追求“天人合一”的理想境界。 山西书院建筑文化是三晋文化的重要组成部分，它与山西社会、经济、文化的发展息息相关，具有鲜明的地域特点。本文在中国古代文教背景下，探讨了山西书院的缘起、发展和流变，并以现存实例为基础，按存在形式将山西书院建筑分为官办书院和家族书院两大类型，着重从地域性入手，详述了山西书院在择址、功能布局、建筑风格及装饰艺术等方面的特征，对其的深刻内涵作进一步的分析研究。 研究结果表明，山西书院初建于唐代，兴起于元明时期，并于清代达到鼎盛，清代后期逐渐没落直至消亡；在选址与环境布局上，分为择胜而处的选址与情景交融的环境布局、置于园林之间，，创造诗意的环境布局与置于城郊，环境布局以人工为主三种方式，深刻地体现出了书院这一文人建筑的特点；官办书院和家族书院，二者既有相似之处又有区别，总体来讲官办书院受官学影响较大，与府学、县学类似，讲究森严等级和庄重形制，故较为模式化。家族书院则更多的与当地的传统民居相结合，体现出地域特点和民俗风格，同时二者在祭祀方式上存在明显差异：官办书院主要祭祀孔子和名贤先圣，家族书院则是祭祀祖先为主。在建筑风格和装饰艺术上，山西书院建筑表现为朴实典雅、尺度宜人，受山西民俗和地域风格影响的特征。 作为全国书院建筑体系的一个分支，山西书院建筑既反映了其共性特点，同时又表现出鲜明的地域特色和独特的文化内涵，具有很高的研究价值。从山西书院建筑文化中，我们可以探寻山西建筑的空间组成方式和美学意匠，在当今世界普遍关注文化个性的背景下，在建筑学界普遍呼吁“新地域风格”的前提下，山西书院建筑文化更加彰显其价值所在。
[Abstract]:College is a unique cultural institution of feudal society in China. It is between official and private schools. It is a collection of books, studies, and studies in one. In China's long history of education, it has played an important role in complementing official studies, inheriting civilization and spreading ideology and culture. Although as a traditional way of running a school, the academy has become the past with the passage of history, but its inherent cultural characteristics are the places where the Chinese literati are studying and studying, gathering disciples to teach, and spreading cultural thoughts. It embodies the taste and pursuit of Chinese literati, which makes the classical architecture become another kind of traditional architecture, which is different from official architecture and folk architecture. The academy architecture is the materialized carrier of the academy culture, it has the complete regulation of teaching, sacrifice and collection of "three major undertakings", and the plane layout has the strong "etiquette system" characteristic. And pursue the ideal realm of "the unity of nature and man" in the management of site selection and landscape environment. The architectural culture of Shanxi Academy is an important part of the culture of the three Jin dynasties. It is closely related to the development of society, economy and culture in Shanxi and has distinct regional characteristics. Under the background of ancient Chinese culture and education, this paper discusses the origin, development and evolution of Shanxi Academy of Learning. Based on the existing examples, the architecture of Shanxi Academy is divided into two types according to the existing form, namely, official College and Family Academy, with emphasis on the regional nature. This paper describes the characteristics of Shanxi Academy of higher Learning in the aspects of location selection, functional layout, architectural style and decorative art, and makes further analysis and research on its profound connotation. The results show that Shanxi Academy was built in the Tang Dynasty, rose in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, and gradually declined and died out in the late Qing Dynasty. In terms of location selection and environment layout, it is divided into three kinds of environment layout, that is, site selection and situation blending, placed between gardens, creation of poetic environment layout and peri-urban layout, and environment layout mainly based on man-made environment, and the environment layout is divided into three ways, that is, location selection and environment layout. Deeply reflected the characteristics of the academy of literati architecture; The official-run academy and the family academy have both similarities and differences. Generally speaking, the official-run academies are influenced by the official studies, similar to the government schools and county schools, and pay attention to the strict hierarchy and the solemn form system, so they are more stylized. The family academy is more combined with the local traditional dwellings, reflecting the regional characteristics and folk customs style, at the same time, there are obvious differences in the way of sacrifice: the official-run academy mainly sacrifices Confucius and famous sages before saints. The family academy is mainly to sacrifice ancestors. In architectural style and decorative art, Shanxi Academy architecture is simple and elegant, pleasant scale, influenced by Shanxi folk custom and regional style. As a branch of the national academy architecture system, Shanxi Academy architecture not only reflects its common characteristics, but also shows distinct regional characteristics and unique cultural connotation, which has a high research value. From the architectural culture of Shanxi Academy of higher Learning, we can explore the way of space composition and aesthetic craftsmen of Shanxi architecture. Under the background of universal attention to cultural individuality in the world today, and under the premise of the universal appeal for "new regional style" in the field of architecture, The architectural culture of Shanxi Academy of higher Learning shows its value.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：TU244;TU-86
本文编号：2451609
[Abstract]:College is a unique cultural institution of feudal society in China. It is between official and private schools. It is a collection of books, studies, and studies in one. In China's long history of education, it has played an important role in complementing official studies, inheriting civilization and spreading ideology and culture. Although as a traditional way of running a school, the academy has become the past with the passage of history, but its inherent cultural characteristics are the places where the Chinese literati are studying and studying, gathering disciples to teach, and spreading cultural thoughts. It embodies the taste and pursuit of Chinese literati, which makes the classical architecture become another kind of traditional architecture, which is different from official architecture and folk architecture. The academy architecture is the materialized carrier of the academy culture, it has the complete regulation of teaching, sacrifice and collection of "three major undertakings", and the plane layout has the strong "etiquette system" characteristic. And pursue the ideal realm of "the unity of nature and man" in the management of site selection and landscape environment. The architectural culture of Shanxi Academy is an important part of the culture of the three Jin dynasties. It is closely related to the development of society, economy and culture in Shanxi and has distinct regional characteristics. Under the background of ancient Chinese culture and education, this paper discusses the origin, development and evolution of Shanxi Academy of Learning. Based on the existing examples, the architecture of Shanxi Academy is divided into two types according to the existing form, namely, official College and Family Academy, with emphasis on the regional nature. This paper describes the characteristics of Shanxi Academy of higher Learning in the aspects of location selection, functional layout, architectural style and decorative art, and makes further analysis and research on its profound connotation. The results show that Shanxi Academy was built in the Tang Dynasty, rose in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, and gradually declined and died out in the late Qing Dynasty. In terms of location selection and environment layout, it is divided into three kinds of environment layout, that is, site selection and situation blending, placed between gardens, creation of poetic environment layout and peri-urban layout, and environment layout mainly based on man-made environment, and the environment layout is divided into three ways, that is, location selection and environment layout. Deeply reflected the characteristics of the academy of literati architecture; The official-run academy and the family academy have both similarities and differences. Generally speaking, the official-run academies are influenced by the official studies, similar to the government schools and county schools, and pay attention to the strict hierarchy and the solemn form system, so they are more stylized. The family academy is more combined with the local traditional dwellings, reflecting the regional characteristics and folk customs style, at the same time, there are obvious differences in the way of sacrifice: the official-run academy mainly sacrifices Confucius and famous sages before saints. The family academy is mainly to sacrifice ancestors. In architectural style and decorative art, Shanxi Academy architecture is simple and elegant, pleasant scale, influenced by Shanxi folk custom and regional style. As a branch of the national academy architecture system, Shanxi Academy architecture not only reflects its common characteristics, but also shows distinct regional characteristics and unique cultural connotation, which has a high research value. From the architectural culture of Shanxi Academy of higher Learning, we can explore the way of space composition and aesthetic craftsmen of Shanxi architecture. Under the background of universal attention to cultural individuality in the world today, and under the premise of the universal appeal for "new regional style" in the field of architecture, The architectural culture of Shanxi Academy of higher Learning shows its value.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：TU244;TU-86
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