美国择校问题研究
发布时间：2019-06-07 20:13
【摘要】： 20世纪后期，美国出现了区别于传统择校的当代择校，当代择校的主要特征是赋予家长自由选择学校、选择教育的权力。美国政府因为不满公立学校历经数次改革后仍没有更多改善的状况，寄希望于通过教育消费者的自由择校来培育竞争的教育市场，以刺激公立学校在竞争的压力下主动谋求创新、改革和提高，因此自从公立学校制度建立并确立就近入学政策以来，，美国历史上第一次出现了以政府的名义和力量来大力支持、鼓励和推动择校发展的情况。然而政府的鼓励和支持并没有使得美国择校的发展变得更加顺利，相反地，围绕择校出现了太多的争辩和分歧。这些辩论中除了对择校是否促进公立学校的改善、公立学校学生学业成绩的提高、公立学校家长对学校满意度的提升等就事论事式的争论外，更为重要的分歧在于择校在追求自由的同时是否会损害公平和平等?择校是否导致民主社会的价值观念无法得到传承?择校是否会损害美国民族国家的统一等方面。 因此，美国择校之所以在近40年的发展过程出现起伏和曲折，正是与这些分歧背后所蕴涵的更为深刻的因素具有密切的关系，这些因素在最概括的层面上讲，就是美国自由和平等的理想以及包括个人、国家、利益集团的利益在内的美国利益。具体说来，一方面，择校符合美国理想价值中对个人自由的追求，而它所面临的对于平等和公正的损害的指责和质疑已经成为影响择校继续深入发展的一个重要原因，这也显现出平等在美国理想中的地位，然而当自由和平等必须进行取舍时，择校反映出的就是当代美国政治气氛中更为看重自由的事实，因为政界和学界的众多人士认为自由将带来教育效率和质量的提高和公立学校制度的改革，从而为美国继续领先世界称霸世界培养更多的卓越人才，同时，在保守派看来，通过自由择校培育的竞争的教育市场也为市场经济原则或私营部门掌握公共领域开辟了道路；另一方面，择校也能更好地实现和满足当代美国社会中个体的、利益集团的、民族国家的利益，他们的政党利益、经济利益、宗教种族利益、文化利益等都能在择校中找到满足的途径，同时择校也会出现使一部分个人或集团的利益受损的情况出现，而这种利益的满足和利益的受损也从一个角度解释了围绕择校出现诸多分歧和论争的原因。 在不断的辩论和妥协中，美国择校已经发展到21世纪初，强调教育消费者选择自由的择校还将对美国基础教育的发展产生重要的影响，尤其是在未来美国基础教育管理体制和实施公共教育的主导学校形式上，它使得市场化的管理体制和区别于传统公立学校(government-run school)的“公共学校”(public school)能在美国基础教育中发挥不可小觑的作用。
[Abstract]:In the late 20th century, the contemporary school choice, which is different from the traditional school choice, appeared in the United States. The main feature of the contemporary school choice is to give parents the right to choose the school freely and choose education. The US government, dissatisfied with the fact that public schools have not improved more after several reforms, hopes to foster a competitive education market through the free choice of schools to educate consumers. In order to stimulate public schools to take the initiative to seek innovation, reform and improvement under the pressure of competition, since the establishment of the public school system and the establishment of a nearby admission policy, for the first time in the history of the United States, there has been strong support in the name and strength of the government. Encourage and promote the development of school choice. However, the encouragement and support of the government has not made the development of school choice in the United States more smooth. on the contrary, there have been too many debates and differences over the choice of school. In addition to the case-based debates on whether the choice of school promotes the improvement of public schools, the improvement of academic performance of students in public schools, and the improvement of parents' satisfaction with schools in public schools, The more important difference is whether the pursuit of freedom in the pursuit of school choice will undermine fairness and equality. Does the choice of school lead to the inheritance of the values of a democratic society? Whether the choice of school will damage the unity of the nation-state of the United States and so on. Therefore, the ups and downs and twists and turns of the development process of school selection in the United States in the past 40 years are closely related to the more profound factors behind these differences, which are on the most general level. Is the ideal of freedom and equality in the United States and American interests, including the interests of individuals, countries, and interest groups. Specifically, on the one hand, the choice of school is in line with the pursuit of individual freedom in the ideal values of the United States, and the accusations and doubts it faces about the damage to equality and justice have become an important reason for the further development of school choice. This also shows the status of equality in the ideal of the United States. However, when freedom and equality must be chosen, the choice of school reflects the fact that freedom is more valued in the political atmosphere of the contemporary United States. Because many people in politics and academia believe that freedom will lead to the improvement of the efficiency and quality of education and the reform of the public school system, thus cultivating more outstanding talents for the United States to continue to dominate the world. At the same time, in the view of conservatives, The competitive education market nurtured through the free choice of schools also opens the way for the principle of market economy or the private sector to master the public domain; On the other hand, the choice of school can also better realize and meet the interests of individuals, interest groups, nation-state interests, their political party interests, economic interests, religious and racial interests in contemporary American society. Cultural interests, etc., can be found in the choice of schools to find ways to satisfy, at the same time, the choice of schools will also cause damage to the interests of some individuals or groups, The satisfaction of this interest and the damage of interest also explain the reasons for many differences and debates around the choice of school from a point of view. In the course of continuous debate and compromise, the choice of schools in the United States has developed to the beginning of the 21st century. It is emphasized that the choice of schools freely for consumers will also have an important impact on the development of basic education in the United States. In particular, in the future, the basic education management system in the United States and the leading school form for the implementation of public education, It makes the market-oriented management system and the "public school" (public school), which is different from the traditional public school (government-run school), play an important role in basic education in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：G571.2
本文编号：2495053
[Abstract]:In the late 20th century, the contemporary school choice, which is different from the traditional school choice, appeared in the United States. The main feature of the contemporary school choice is to give parents the right to choose the school freely and choose education. The US government, dissatisfied with the fact that public schools have not improved more after several reforms, hopes to foster a competitive education market through the free choice of schools to educate consumers. In order to stimulate public schools to take the initiative to seek innovation, reform and improvement under the pressure of competition, since the establishment of the public school system and the establishment of a nearby admission policy, for the first time in the history of the United States, there has been strong support in the name and strength of the government. Encourage and promote the development of school choice. However, the encouragement and support of the government has not made the development of school choice in the United States more smooth. on the contrary, there have been too many debates and differences over the choice of school. In addition to the case-based debates on whether the choice of school promotes the improvement of public schools, the improvement of academic performance of students in public schools, and the improvement of parents' satisfaction with schools in public schools, The more important difference is whether the pursuit of freedom in the pursuit of school choice will undermine fairness and equality. Does the choice of school lead to the inheritance of the values of a democratic society? Whether the choice of school will damage the unity of the nation-state of the United States and so on. Therefore, the ups and downs and twists and turns of the development process of school selection in the United States in the past 40 years are closely related to the more profound factors behind these differences, which are on the most general level. Is the ideal of freedom and equality in the United States and American interests, including the interests of individuals, countries, and interest groups. Specifically, on the one hand, the choice of school is in line with the pursuit of individual freedom in the ideal values of the United States, and the accusations and doubts it faces about the damage to equality and justice have become an important reason for the further development of school choice. This also shows the status of equality in the ideal of the United States. However, when freedom and equality must be chosen, the choice of school reflects the fact that freedom is more valued in the political atmosphere of the contemporary United States. Because many people in politics and academia believe that freedom will lead to the improvement of the efficiency and quality of education and the reform of the public school system, thus cultivating more outstanding talents for the United States to continue to dominate the world. At the same time, in the view of conservatives, The competitive education market nurtured through the free choice of schools also opens the way for the principle of market economy or the private sector to master the public domain; On the other hand, the choice of school can also better realize and meet the interests of individuals, interest groups, nation-state interests, their political party interests, economic interests, religious and racial interests in contemporary American society. Cultural interests, etc., can be found in the choice of schools to find ways to satisfy, at the same time, the choice of schools will also cause damage to the interests of some individuals or groups, The satisfaction of this interest and the damage of interest also explain the reasons for many differences and debates around the choice of school from a point of view. In the course of continuous debate and compromise, the choice of schools in the United States has developed to the beginning of the 21st century. It is emphasized that the choice of schools freely for consumers will also have an important impact on the development of basic education in the United States. In particular, in the future, the basic education management system in the United States and the leading school form for the implementation of public education, It makes the market-oriented management system and the "public school" (public school), which is different from the traditional public school (government-run school), play an important role in basic education in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：G571.2
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前3条
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