里约奥运周期男子体操全能决赛成套动作研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 13:38

本文选题：里约奥运周期 + 男子体操　；参考：《成都体育学院》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：本研究以里约奥运周期内的世界体操锦标赛男子个人全能决赛为研究对象,以2013年-2016年男子竞技体操评分规则为依据,运用文献资料法、录像观察法、专家访谈法、相关性分析法等方法,对44、45届世界体操锦标赛男子个人全能决赛前8名运动员以及中国队运动员的六个单项成套动作进行录像观察和动作统计;在梳理世界男子体操全能项目阶段性发展格局的同时,对男子六个项目的成套编排、难度结构、动作选择以及运动成绩进行深入分析,归纳总结男子体操全能决赛六个项目成套动作特征和发展趋势,结合多位国际体操裁判和专家的建议,提出具有实际性的建议。研究结果表明:(1)在自由体操项目上,运动员的成套动作多以第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ组别动作为主,成套动作难度结构呈现“中间大两头小”多样化发展特征;以“空翻周数”和“转体轴数”为基础而发展的复合动作是今后的一大趋势;D组以上的“前+前”连接串具有很大的潜力;根据全能运动员的特点,合理选择4种编排模式中的一种对比赛至关重要。(2)在鞍马项目上,成套动作难度结构呈现“波浪式”特征;“正、反交叉起倒立”、“前移3位”、“后移3位”、“FLOP组合”、“俄式挺身转体”等动作是鞍马套路的主流选择。布西纳里、FLOP动作与俄式挺身转体组合的演变动作具有很大的发展空间;各国运动员在编排上都以稳扎稳打为主,成套动作选择呈现“立体化”特征。(3)在吊环项目上,各个动作组别的选择趋于平衡,成套难度结构呈“梭型”特征;“乔纳森+山胁+后摆上成水平或支撑”、“摆动至静止”是运动员的必备动作;国外运动员成套编排短小、结构优化,中国与之相比套路较长,不利于全能运动员竞技能力的发挥,但在成套难度上占有绝对优势。(4)在跳马项目上,前手翻类型、侧手翻类型、踺子小翻上板类动作是运动员的主要选择,整个跳马项目的比赛缺乏新颖,多是完成质量和稳定性的比拼。(5)在双杠项目上,成套难度结构呈现“菱形”特征;第Ⅰ和第Ⅲ组别动作占据了成套编排的半壁江山。两杠上支撑或悬垂大摆完成的空翻类动作是中国队的强项,成套编排呈显出“立体感”。(6)在单杠项目上,成套难度结构呈现“梭形”特征;飞行类动作是运动员比拼的焦点,“马凯洛夫”、“特卡切夫”、“科瓦克斯”及其转体动作和“卡西纳”等成为主流;第Ⅲ组别近杠类动作如:“反掏”、“正掏”转体等动作成为标配;“杠上+飞行”(反之)的二连接是主要选择,“飞行+飞行”的高难连接和三连接在很长一段时间内不会有人在全能决赛中使用;与国外选手相比中国运动员的成套动作设计相对比较落后。(7)男子体操全能决赛运动员成绩由自由体操、鞍马、吊环、跳马、双杠和单杠六个项目的成绩构成,各项目又由难度分、完成分、连接加分组成;在难度价值上中国队高于国外,具备世界一流的成套动作难度,但完成质量还有待提高。(8)单项成绩与全能成绩的相关排名为:自由体操?单杠?跳马?吊环?鞍马?双杠。中国队的相关性排名为:吊环?双杠?跳马?自由体操?单杠?鞍马;国外队的相关性排名为:自由体操?单杠?跳马?吊环?鞍马?双杠,中外在项目倾向上存在显著性差异,优势和劣势项目区别较大。(9)中外运动员成套动作特点鲜明。日本队编排紧凑、难度适中、姿态优美、稳定性较高。欧美队编排突出个人能力,特别是在优势单项上敢于上高难度动作,动作创新能力较强。中国队成套动作设计比较接近,缺乏个性,教条化严重;虽具有世界一流难度,但在动作稳定性和心理素质方面还存在缺陷,知己知彼、扬长避短、科学发展是解决我国全能项目瓶颈的关键。建议:(1)认清局势,重树全能辉煌;(2)科学选拔,建立全能人才库;(3)科研攻关,破除木桶效应;(4)协调发展,注重难与美的平衡;(5)不断创新,优化成套编排;(6)赛练结合,强化心理训练。
[Abstract]:This study takes the men's individual all-around final of the World Gymnastics Championships in the Rio Olympic Games period as the research object, based on the men's gymnastics scoring rules of 2013 -2016, using the methods of literature, video observation, expert interview, correlation analysis, and so on, to the top 8 of the men's individual all-around final in the 44,45 World Gymnastics Championships. The six single movements of the famous athletes and the Chinese athletes were recorded and the action statistics were carried out. At the same time, the complete arrangement of the six items of men, the structure of the difficulty, the choice of movement and the performance of the men were analyzed in order to sum up the total ability of the men's gymnastics. The characteristics and development trend of the complete set of six events, combined with the suggestions of many International Gymnastics Referees and experts, put forward some practical suggestions. The results show that: (1) on the free floor exercise, the athletes' complete sets of movements mainly consist of second and third group movements, and the difficulty structure of the complete set of movements is more than two in the middle. The characteristics of the pattern development; the complex movement developed on the basis of the number of empty somersaults and the number of rotation axes is a major trend in the future; the "front + front" link of group D has great potential. According to the characteristics of the all-around athletes, one of the 4 arrangement patterns is very important to the competition. (2) in the pommel horse project, a complete set The movement difficulty structure is characterized by "wave type"; "positive, anti cross and inverted", "forward 3", "3", "FLOP combination", "Russian style body and body" are the main choice of the pommel horse. The evolution of the combination of FLOP movement and Russian style body and body has great development space; The selection of complete sets of movements is "stereoscopic". (3) in the ring project, the choice of each action group tends to balance, the structure of a complete set of difficulty is "shuttle type"; "Jonathan + Mountain threat + backswing is a horizontal or support", "swinging to rest" is a necessary movement of the athletes; foreign sports China has a long set of small sets and structural optimizations. China has a long way to compete with it, but it is not conducive to the ability of all-around athletes to play, but it has an absolute advantage in a complete set of difficulties. (4) on the horse vaulting project, the type of front hand flip, the type of side flip, and the type of upper board are the main choice of the athletes, and the competition for the whole vault is not new. (5) on the parallel bars project, the difficult structure of a complete set presents the characteristics of "diamond"; the first and third group movements occupy half of the whole set. The empty somersault is the strong item of the Chinese team, and the complete arrangement shows the "stereoscopic sense". (6) on the horizontal bar (6) On the project, the difficult structure of a complete set presents a "shuttle" feature, and the flying movement is the focus of the competition. "Ma Kailov", "tkvakoff", "kvakis" and "Kasia" and "carsiine" become the mainstream. The two connection of flight "(vice versa) is the main choice. The high difficulty connection of" flight + flight "and the three connection will not be used in the all-around final for a long time; compared with the foreign players, the complete set of movements of Chinese athletes is relatively backward. (7) the performance of the men's Gymnastic all-around final is from free gymnastics, pommel horse, and ring. The achievements of six projects in the vault, the parallel bar and the horizontal bar are composed of the difficulties, the completion points and the addition of points. In the difficulty value, the Chinese team is higher than the foreign countries, with the world first-class complete set of action difficulty, but the quality of completion still needs to be improved. (8) the relative rank of the single score and the all-around result is the free floor, the horizontal bar? Vaulting? Rings? Pommel horse? Parallel bars. The relevance of the Chinese team is: rings, parallel bars, vaulting horses, floor exercises, horizontal bars and pommel horses; the foreign teams are ranked as: free gymnastics, horizontal bars, vaulting horses, pommel horse and parallel bars, there are significant differences between China and foreign countries in project tendencies. (9) Chinese and foreign athletes have distinct movements. Day The team has a compact arrangement, moderate difficulty, graceful posture and high stability. The European and American teams have outstanding personal abilities, especially on the dominant single item, and have the strong ability to innovate. The design of complete sets of movements of the Chinese team is close, lack of personality and serious dogmatism; although it has world class difficulty, it is stable and psychological in action. The quality aspect still exists the defect, understanding oneself and avoiding weaknesses, scientific development is the key to solve the bottleneck of our whole energy project. (1) to recognize the situation and to resplendent the whole energy; (2) scientific selection, the establishment of the all-around talent pool; (3) scientific research and the removal of the barrel effect; (4) coordinate development, balance the balance between difficulty and beauty; (5) continuous innovation and optimization of complete set arrangement (6) combination of training and training to strengthen psychological training.

【学位授予单位】：成都体育学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G832

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