我国优秀越野滑雪运动员专项耐力年度训练结构研究

发布时间：2018-05-26 10:35

  本文选题：越野滑雪 + 优秀运动员　； 参考：《华东师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：越野滑雪项目是冬奥会比赛中最重要的竞技项目之一,也是我国冬季雪上项目中开展最早的一项竞技体育比赛项目。然而由于受到经济发展、气候条件以及地域资源等因素的影响,越野滑雪在我国发展较慢,和欧美等发达国家相比还处于较落后的地位,到目前为止在冬奥会上仍然没有奖牌零的突破。随着我国经济的不断发展,竞技体育地位不断提高,国家已经认识到由体育大国向体育强国迈进离不开冬季体育项目的发展,尤其是2008年成功举办北京夏季奥运会以后,国家更是加大了对冬季运动项目发展的扶植力度,制定了一系列推进冬季冰雪项目发展的措施,如在奥运争光计划中的“北冰南展”、“冰雪平衡发展”等策略,使我国冬季体育竞技项目近年来有了长足的进步,越野滑雪项目正在不断缩小与国外高水平的差距。北京2022年冬奥会的成功申办,国家更是加大了对冰雪项目发展的投入力度。因此,论文研究我国越野滑雪项目的目的正是要以此为契机,抓住机遇为推进我国越野滑雪项目步入发展的快轨道,缩短与国外高水平运动员的训练差距提供参考,争取在我国举办的冬奥会上实现奖牌零的突破。论文以我国高水平越野滑雪运动员专项耐力年度训练结构为研究对象,以越野滑雪运动员专项耐力训练为主线,采用了文献资料法、专家访谈、观察法、实验研究、个案研究以及数理统计等研究方法,从专项耐力训练的目标、内容、方法手段以及训练监控等方面进行了研究,主要研究结论如下：1、我国优秀越野滑雪运动员专项耐力年度训练结构由专项耐力准备期、专项耐力比赛期、专项耐力恢复期以及专项耐力衔接区四个主要训练结构组成。其中衔接区训练结构包括准备期陆期与雪期衔接区、准备期与比赛期衔接区、比赛期与恢复期衔接区以及恢复期与准备期衔接区四个衔接区域。各训练结构之间并不是孤立的,而是通过运动员竞技状态形成与发展变化规律这一主线彼此相互紧密联系,构成一个完整的年度专项耐力训练结构体系。2、专项耐力准备期训练结构中以专项有氧耐力训练为主,采用分层递进目标设置。在不同训练阶段分别利用适应性小周期、发展性小周期和冲击式小周期的不同组合,可以有效提高运动员对大训练负荷的适应能力。通过实验表明,运动员准备期训练前后最大摄氧量、无氧阈百分比、极限负荷后最大摄氧量平台以及最大心率储备指标存在显著性差异,都有较大幅度的提高,心肺功能增大,高强度下有氧代谢能力增强。3、专项耐力比赛期训练结构中以专项无氧耐力训练为主,提高专项心理耐力训练比例,强化关联法的心理训练手段。在赛前子阶段训练中采用多峰冲击式小周期训练安排,可以有效提高运动员赛前竞技能力储备。实验证明运动员在比赛期赛前所测成绩与准备期雪期所测成绩存在显著性差异,都有较大幅度的提高。运动员体脂百分比降低,上臂围、大腿围和小腿围都有明显增大,身体形态学指标接近优秀运动员肌肉型特征。4、专项耐力恢复期训练结构中以恢复和补偿性有氧耐力训练为主,采用2级和3级运动强度,逐级减量小周期的训练安排,提高力量训练比重,可以有效降低运动员专项耐力能力储备的损耗比例。实验表明,恢复期前后身体形态学指标略有降低,生理学指标与比赛期相比存在显著性差异,最大摄氧量、最大摄氧量平台期以及无氧阈百分比都有不同程度降低,但降低速度和幅度在10%以内,有利于短时期训练恢复。5、专项耐力衔接区训练结构中准备期陆期与雪期的衔接区采用1个适应性发展小周期,雪期与赛前子阶段衔接区采用1-2个冲击式小周期,可以有效促进竞技状态的稳定提高。比赛期与恢复期衔接区采用1个减量小周期,恢复期与下一年度准备期采用2-3个提高发展小周期的训练安排,可以有效提高运动员对负荷变化的适应。实验表明,在各衔接区阶段测试的生化指标处于正常变动范围,血红蛋白、血清肌酸激酶以及血尿素综合指标反映运动负荷适中,运动员身体机能处于平稳上升状态。
[Abstract]:Cross-country skiing is one of the most important sports events in Winter Olympic Games. It is also the earliest competitive sports event in the winter snow project in China. However, due to the influence of economic development, climate conditions and regional resources, the development of cross-country skiing is slow in China, and is still in comparison with those of developed countries such as Europe and America. In the relatively backward position, there is still no medal zero breakthrough at the Winter Olympic Games. With the continuous development of China's economy, the status of competitive sports has been continuously improved. The state has realized that the development of the sports power from the sports power to the sports power can not be separated from the winter sports, especially after the successful hosting of the Beijing Summer Olympic Games in 2008, The state has increased the support for the development of winter sports projects, and made a series of measures to promote the development of winter ice and snow projects, such as the "North ice South Exhibition" in the Olympic lighting plan, "the development of ice and snow balance" and so on, which have made great progress in recent years in China's sports sports projects, and the cross-country skiing project is constantly being carried out. To narrow the gap with the high level of foreign countries. The successful bid of Beijing Winter Olympic Games in 2022 has increased the investment in the development of ice and snow projects. Therefore, the purpose of the study of cross-country skiing is to seize the opportunity and seize the opportunity to promote the rapid development of our cross-country skiing items and to shorten the high water level with foreign countries. This paper takes the annual training structure of high level cross-country skiing athletes' special endurance training as the research object, taking the special endurance training of cross-country skiers as the main line, using the literature method, expert interview, observation method and experiment. Research, case study, mathematical statistics and other research methods are studied from the objectives, contents, methods and training monitoring of special endurance training. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, the annual training structure of Chinese elite cross-country skiers special endurance is from special endurance preparation period, special endurance competition period and special endurance. There are four main training structures in the recovery period and the connecting area of special endurance. The training structure of the cohesive zone includes the connection area between the period of the preparation period and the snow period, the connection area between the preparation period and the competition period, the connecting area of the competition period and the recovery period, and the connecting zone between the recovery period and the preparation period. The training structures are not isolated but are not isolated. The main thread of the formation and development of athletes' competitive state is closely related to each other, which constitutes a complete annual special endurance training structure system.2. In the special endurance training structure, the special aerobic endurance training is used as the main body, and the hierarchical goal setting is adopted. The adaptive small week is used in different training stages. There are significant differences in the maximum oxygen uptake, the percentage of oxygen free threshold, the maximum oxygen uptake platform and the maximum heart rate reserve index after the limit load, and all the different combinations of the small developmental cycle and the impact small cycle can effectively improve the adaptability of the athletes to the large training load. The increase of the cardiopulmonary function, the increase of cardiopulmonary function, the enhancement of aerobic metabolism in the high strength.3, the special anaerobic endurance training in the special endurance training structure, the increase of the specific psychological endurance training ratio and the strengthening of the psychological training method of the association method. In order to improve the athletes' pre competition ability reserve effectively, the experimental results show that there are significant differences between the results measured before the competition and the snow period in the preparation period. All the athletes have a significant increase. The percentage of the athletes' body fat decreases, the upper arm circumference, the thigh circumference and the leg circumference are obviously increased, and the physical morphological indexes are close to the excellent transport. Mobilizing the muscle type characteristic.4, the training structure of the special endurance recovery period is mainly based on the recovery and compensatory aerobic endurance training. The training arrangement of 2 and 3 level exercise intensity, a step by step reduction of small cycle, and the increase of strength training proportion can effectively reduce the loss ratio of the athletes' special endurance capacity reserve. The experiment shows that the body is in the body before and after the recovery period. There was a slight decrease in morphological indexes and significant differences in physiological indexes compared with the competition period. The maximum oxygen uptake, the maximum oxygen uptake platform and the percentage of anaerobic threshold decreased in varying degrees, but the speed and amplitude were less than 10%, which was beneficial to the recovery of.5 in short period training, and the period of preparation period and snow in the training structure of special endurance junction area. 1 adaptable development cycles are adopted in the connection area, and 1-2 small impact cycles are adopted in the junction area of the snow period and the pre competition sub stage, which can effectively promote the stability and improvement of the competitive state. 1 reduction cycles are adopted in the match period and the recovery period, and 2-3 training arrangements to improve the development period are adopted in the recovery period and the next annual preparation period. It can effectively improve the adaptability of athletes to the change of load. The experiment shows that the biochemical indexes of the test in each connection area are in the normal range, and the hemoglobin, serum creatine kinase and the comprehensive index of blood urea reflect the moderate exercise load, and the physical function of the athletes is in a steady and steady state.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G863.13
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本文编号：1936908