3～6岁幼儿跑步动作发展特征及教学策略分析

发布时间：2018-08-16 10:49

【摘要】：目的:采用定性与定量相结合的方法分析3~6岁幼儿跑步动作,探讨3~6岁幼儿跑步动作发展特征,并分析跑步动作教学策略。方法:选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿124名。采用三维摄像技术拍摄幼儿的跑步动作,基于动作发展序列理论定性评价幼儿跑步动作;同时,通过视频解析获得跑步的运动学参数,采用方差分析比较不同跑步发展水平幼儿之间的运动学参数差异。结果:1)3~6岁幼儿跑的发展水平存在3个阶段,即初级、中级以及高级阶段,其中,5~6岁幼儿多处于高级阶段,且女生多于男生;2)对于支撑腿膝角与步幅/下肢长,处于高级阶段的幼儿显著高于处于初级与中级阶段的幼儿(P0.05);3)对于摆动腿膝角,初级与中级阶段幼儿显著高于高级阶段幼儿(P0.05);4)对于肘角,中级阶段幼儿显著高于低级与高级阶段幼儿(P0.05)。结论:幼儿跑步动作发展特征为,随着跑步动作发展逐渐成熟,步幅逐渐增大,蹬离地面时刻的支撑腿膝角趋于完全伸展状态,摆动腿膝角趋于减小。建议:开展幼儿跑步动作的课程时,对于3~4岁幼儿,应着重锻炼其下肢的肌肉力量与身体的平衡能力;针对4~5岁幼儿应更多地从脚前掌着地与蹬地等内容进行指导;对于5~6岁幼儿,则主要从全身协调等方面进行指导。建议通过改变运动方向、身体重心的变化以及走跑交替等方面来丰富活动内容,在中、小班的课程实施中要注意情景化引导,发展大班幼儿跑步动作时,可以选择绳梯等器材,通过延伸或演变其用途增加幼儿的运动兴趣。
[Abstract]:Objective: to analyze the running movements of children aged 3 or 6 years old by using the method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, to explore the developmental characteristics of running movements of children aged 3 or 6 years old, and to analyze the teaching strategies of running movements. Methods: 124 children aged 3 to 6 years old in a kindergarten in Beijing were selected. Three-dimensional camera technique is used to photograph children's running movements. Based on the theory of motion development sequence, the children's running movements are qualitatively evaluated. At the same time, the kinematics parameters of running are obtained by video analysis. Variance analysis was used to compare the difference of kinematic parameters among children with different running development level. Results: there were three stages in the development of running, that is, primary, intermediate and advanced stage, among which 56-year-old children were in advanced stage, and girls were more than boys (2) for supporting leg knee angle and stride / lower limb length. The children in the advanced stage were significantly higher than those in the primary and intermediate stage (P0.05), and the children in the primary and intermediate stages were significantly higher than those in the advanced stage (P0.05) in the angle of elbow. Children in intermediate stage were significantly higher than those in lower and higher stages (P0.05). Conclusion: with the development of running, the stride length increases gradually, the angle of the supporting leg knee tends to extend completely and the angle of swing leg knee tends to decrease at the time of pedal off the ground. It is suggested that, in the course of running, the children of 3 or 4 years old should focus on the exercise of their lower limb muscle strength and body balance ability, and the 4- and 5-year-old children should be directed more from the front of the foot to the ground and the pedaling ground, and so on. For 5-6-year-old children, it is mainly from the whole body coordination and other aspects of guidance. It is suggested to enrich the activities by changing the direction of movement, changing the body center of gravity and alternating walking and running. In the course implementation of middle and small classes, attention should be paid to situational guidance, and when developing large class children's running movements, they can choose rope ladders and other equipment. Increase young children's exercise interest by extending or evolving their use.
【作者单位】：北京体育大学运动人体科学学院;安徽工业大学体育部;
【基金】：北京体育大学自主科研课题资助项目(2016SYS006)
【分类号】：G822

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