我国优秀男子跳板跳水运动员走板起跳技术的生物力学分析
发布时间：2018-08-20 19:01
【摘要】：跳水作为深受大众喜爱的竞技体育运动项目,具有丰富的艺术表现力和极高的观赏性。中国跳水队被誉为“梦之队”,自1984年洛杉矶奥运会以来,在国际赛场上取得了辉煌战绩,受到了国人的广泛关注。但近年来,随着国际跳水运动的迅猛发展和大量华人教练员的海外执教,使得中国传统训练方法和手段逐渐推广开来,并且国外运动员利用身体素质优势,使动作表现力水平逐渐提高,已经对中国队产生了巨大威胁。在近几次国际大赛中,中国队员在男子跳板项目中屡次与金牌擦肩而过,残酷的现实预示着世界男子跳板跳水领域已由“一枝独秀”变为“百家争鸣”的局面。面对挑战,中国队必须寻求新的突破,提高动作的稳定性和难度系数,并在训练过程中增大科技含量。在全部跳水项目中,跳板跳水技术复杂、动作成功率低、较难掌握,训练周期长、难度大,比赛易受各种环境因素影响。与跳台跳水的硬地起跳动作不同,跳板跳水需要借助富有弹性的金属板完成起跳,而跳板因形变产生的弹性势能将成为运动员起跳的唯一外动力源。因此想要提高整体动作的完成质量,运动员在走板和起跳时,要尽量与跳板的弹性形变和固有振动频率相适应,充分利用其弹性势能,最大限度地帮助自身增加完成动作的时间和空间。否则,即使是非常优秀的运动员在比赛和训练实践中也有可能会出现“退板”、“打板”、“踩死板”等技术失误。这就告诉我们,在当前男子跳板“难、新、奇”的动作发展模式下,走板和起跳技术的完成质量已成为整个动作成功与否的前提和保证,而如何利用自身因素使跳板产生较大的弹性势能并加以有效利用,是起跳技术的关键和核心。所以,从生物力学的角度出发,对当前男子跳板跳水所展现的新动作的走板起跳技术进行分析、总结和深入研究,是十分必要的。本研究基于人体运动学和材料动力学理论,以中国跳水队现役5名优秀男子跳板跳水运动员为实验对象,采用两台高速摄像机,对运动员参加队内测试赛和2014年国际泳联跳水世界杯比赛中的1组动作的走板起跳环节进行拍摄,拍摄频率为100帧/秒。使用SIMI Motion和Dartfish运动解析系统,选用Hanavan人体模型,对运动员动作进行解析。获得了5名运动员在完成同一动作走板起跳阶段的身体各环节运动学参数,找出5人动作的差异点所在,并从动力学角度推导出了跳板所受最大冲击力的公式并计算了相应的数值,以期找出新竞技环境下跳板跳水走板起跳技术的发展规律,促进我国跳板跳水技术的不断创新,使跳水训练更加规范、科学和高效。研究结果表明:走板阶段,运动员步速在前3步逐渐增大,第4步水平速度骤然增加,第5步又突然减小;当前优秀运动员的走板距离较前人有较大幅度的增加,而跨跳步距离则减小;跳板跳水运动员走板的加速主要集中在有腾空的第4步,加速方式为此项运动特有的双支撑加速。本研究发现,当前我国优秀男子跳板跳水运动员的前跨步技术共分为两种形式:一种是以何冲为代表的长步型前跨步技术,此技术前跨步步长大、重心低、压板力度强,侧重于运动员水平速度的获取和能量的转化;另一种是以何超、李世鑫等为代表的短步型前跨步技术,这一技术走板节奏感强、重心较高、重心垂直速度大,强调前跨步身体重心垂直速度的增大。跨跳步缓冲阶段,下肢肌群应采用“先放松,再收缩”的做功形式;蹬伸阶段要尽量使升臂和提腿角速度提高,上下肢大幅伸展、且蹬摆协调。起跳缓冲阶段人体对跳板的冲击力数值大,并且大于运动员自身体重的两倍;起跳缓冲阶段,曹缘身体缓冲幅度较小,不利于随后的蹬伸动作。起跳蹬伸阶段,何超、何冲和李世鑫的技术为“一次蹬伸”,此技术一方面使整个身体“刚度”增强,减小了能量损失,另一方面还增强了下肢各肌群协同作用,增大了蹬伸效果。曹缘、孙知亦则为“二次蹬伸”。这一技术使身体有脱节现象,“刚化”程度降低,不利于能量的传递,并且躯干后仰,髋关节屈伸受到限制,导致股四头肌在蹬伸时对膝关节发生主动不足现象,降低了蹬伸效果。
[Abstract]:Diving, as a popular competitive sport, has rich artistic expression and high ornamental value. The Chinese diving team is known as the "Dream Team". Since the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984, it has made brilliant achievements in the international arena and attracted wide attention of the Chinese people. But in recent years, with the rapid development of international diving. With the rapid development of overseas coaching, the traditional Chinese training methods and means have been gradually popularized, and foreign athletes have taken advantage of their physical fitness to gradually improve their performance, which has posed a great threat to the Chinese team. Facing the challenge, the Chinese team must seek new breakthroughs, improve the stability and difficulty of the movements, and increase the scientific and technological content in the training process. Unlike the hard take-off of platform diving, springboard diving needs to take-off with the help of flexible metal plates, and the elastic potential energy produced by the deformation of the springboard will become the only external power source for the athletes to take-off. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of the whole movement, the athletes should try their best to adapt to the elastic deformation and natural vibration frequency of the springboard, make full use of its elastic potential energy, and help themselves to maximize the time and space to complete the movement. Otherwise, even the very good athletes in the competition and training practice. This tells us that under the current "difficult, new, strange" action development mode of men's springboard, the completion quality of walking board and take-off technique has become the precondition and guarantee of the success of the whole movement, and how to use its own factors to make the springboard produce larger. The key and core of takeoff technique is to utilize the elastic potential energy effectively. Therefore, from the point of view of biomechanics, it is very necessary to analyze, summarize and study the takeoff technique of the new movements in the current men's springboard diving. Five elite male springboard divers of the water team were selected as subjects. Two high-speed cameras were used to photograph the board take-off of one group of actions in the team test and the FINA World Cup in 2014. The shooting frequency was 100 frames per second. The SIMI Motion and Dartfish motion analysis system were used to select H. Anvan's body model is used to analyze the movements of the athletes. The kinematics parameters of the body links of five athletes in the takeoff phase of the same movement are obtained. The differences of the movements of the five athletes are found out. The formula of the maximum impact force on the springboard is derived from the point of dynamics and the corresponding values are calculated in order to find out the new competition. The results show that the speed of the first three steps increases gradually, the horizontal speed of the fourth step increases abruptly, and the fifth step decreases abruptly. The distance between the board and the jump is much larger than that of the predecessors, but the distance between the stride and the jump is much smaller. The acceleration of the walking is mainly concentrated in the fourth step of the jump. The acceleration mode is the double support acceleration peculiar to this sport. He Chong is the representative of the long-step forward stride technology, this technology before the step is long, low center of gravity, pressure plate strength, focusing on the athletes'horizontal speed and energy conversion; the other is He Chao, Li Shixin and other short-step forward stride technology, which is characterized by a strong sense of rhythm, high center of gravity, center of gravity vertical speed. In the step buffer stage, the lower limb muscles should take the form of "relax first, then contract"; in the step extension stage, the angular velocity of the lifting arm and leg should be increased as far as possible, the upper and lower limbs should be extended greatly, and the pedal and swing should be coordinated. The technique of He Chao, He Chong and Li Shixin in the take-off and stretch stage is "one step stretch". On the one hand, this technique enhances the whole body stiffness and reduces the energy loss, on the other hand, it enhances the lower limb muscles. Cao Margin and Sun Zhi also had "two-step stretching". This technique made the body disjointed, reduced the degree of stiffness, and was not conducive to energy transmission, and trunk back, hip flexion and extension were restricted, resulting in the quadriceps femoris in the stretching of the knee active deficiency phenomenon, reducing the stretching effect. Fruit.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G861.2
本文编号：2194681
[Abstract]:Diving, as a popular competitive sport, has rich artistic expression and high ornamental value. The Chinese diving team is known as the "Dream Team". Since the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984, it has made brilliant achievements in the international arena and attracted wide attention of the Chinese people. But in recent years, with the rapid development of international diving. With the rapid development of overseas coaching, the traditional Chinese training methods and means have been gradually popularized, and foreign athletes have taken advantage of their physical fitness to gradually improve their performance, which has posed a great threat to the Chinese team. Facing the challenge, the Chinese team must seek new breakthroughs, improve the stability and difficulty of the movements, and increase the scientific and technological content in the training process. Unlike the hard take-off of platform diving, springboard diving needs to take-off with the help of flexible metal plates, and the elastic potential energy produced by the deformation of the springboard will become the only external power source for the athletes to take-off. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of the whole movement, the athletes should try their best to adapt to the elastic deformation and natural vibration frequency of the springboard, make full use of its elastic potential energy, and help themselves to maximize the time and space to complete the movement. Otherwise, even the very good athletes in the competition and training practice. This tells us that under the current "difficult, new, strange" action development mode of men's springboard, the completion quality of walking board and take-off technique has become the precondition and guarantee of the success of the whole movement, and how to use its own factors to make the springboard produce larger. The key and core of takeoff technique is to utilize the elastic potential energy effectively. Therefore, from the point of view of biomechanics, it is very necessary to analyze, summarize and study the takeoff technique of the new movements in the current men's springboard diving. Five elite male springboard divers of the water team were selected as subjects. Two high-speed cameras were used to photograph the board take-off of one group of actions in the team test and the FINA World Cup in 2014. The shooting frequency was 100 frames per second. The SIMI Motion and Dartfish motion analysis system were used to select H. Anvan's body model is used to analyze the movements of the athletes. The kinematics parameters of the body links of five athletes in the takeoff phase of the same movement are obtained. The differences of the movements of the five athletes are found out. The formula of the maximum impact force on the springboard is derived from the point of dynamics and the corresponding values are calculated in order to find out the new competition. The results show that the speed of the first three steps increases gradually, the horizontal speed of the fourth step increases abruptly, and the fifth step decreases abruptly. The distance between the board and the jump is much larger than that of the predecessors, but the distance between the stride and the jump is much smaller. The acceleration of the walking is mainly concentrated in the fourth step of the jump. The acceleration mode is the double support acceleration peculiar to this sport. He Chong is the representative of the long-step forward stride technology, this technology before the step is long, low center of gravity, pressure plate strength, focusing on the athletes'horizontal speed and energy conversion; the other is He Chao, Li Shixin and other short-step forward stride technology, which is characterized by a strong sense of rhythm, high center of gravity, center of gravity vertical speed. In the step buffer stage, the lower limb muscles should take the form of "relax first, then contract"; in the step extension stage, the angular velocity of the lifting arm and leg should be increased as far as possible, the upper and lower limbs should be extended greatly, and the pedal and swing should be coordinated. The technique of He Chao, He Chong and Li Shixin in the take-off and stretch stage is "one step stretch". On the one hand, this technique enhances the whole body stiffness and reduces the energy loss, on the other hand, it enhances the lower limb muscles. Cao Margin and Sun Zhi also had "two-step stretching". This technique made the body disjointed, reduced the degree of stiffness, and was not conducive to energy transmission, and trunk back, hip flexion and extension were restricted, resulting in the quadriceps femoris in the stretching of the knee active deficiency phenomenon, reducing the stretching effect. Fruit.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G861.2
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