运动训练生物学基础模型的演变——从超量恢复学说到运动适应理论

发布时间：2018-10-21 09:00

【摘要】：人体的运动能力为什么可以通过运动得到提高?这是一个人们长期努力要回答的问题,也是自运动科学化训练以来体育科学研究的重点和热点。"超量恢复"学说和"运动适应"理论是目前世界运动训练领域解释人体运动能力在训练中变化的经典。20世纪30年代,人们开始关注人体运动的能量代谢问题,60年代发现肌糖原储备在力竭性运动后出现超量恢复的现象。20世纪70年代中期,雅克夫列夫将肌糖原超量恢复扩展到整个竞技训练的范围,提出了运动训练的超量恢复学说。在20世纪50年代塞利提出的"应激-适应"理论影响下,"适应"从60年代开始逐渐成为运动训练的重要基础理论。之后,相继出现了"疲劳-适应模型""机能储备模型""改变-适应的时间动态模型"和"能力潜能元模型"等一系列试图揭示运动训练与运动能力增长之间关系、对运动能力变化进行预测和评估的学说和理论。但是,鉴于运动能力构成和发展的复杂性和当前人类对自身了解的局限性,迄今已有的各种模型还未能达到上述目标,还需要更加深入的研究。
[Abstract]:Why can the human body's movement ability be improved by exercise? This is a question that people have been trying hard to answer for a long time, and it is also the focus and hotspot of sports science research since the scientific training of sports. " The theory of overdose recovery and the theory of "sports adaptation" are the classics of the world sports training field to explain the change of human body's sports ability in the training at present. People began to pay attention to the energy metabolism of human body movement. In the 1960s, it was found that the muscle glycogen reserve recovered in excess after exhaustive exercise. Yakovlev extended the excessive recovery of muscle glycogen to the whole range of athletic training, and put forward the theory of excessive recovery of sports training. Under the influence of the stress-adaptation theory put forward by Celli in 1950s, adaptation has gradually become an important basic theory of sports training since 1960s. After that, a series of "fatigue adaptation model", "function reserve model", "time dynamic model of change-adaptation" and "ability potential metamodel" appeared to reveal the relationship between sports training and sports ability growth. Theories and theories that predict and evaluate changes in athletic ability. However, in view of the complexity of the constitution and development of sports ability and the limitations of human beings' understanding of their own, the existing models have not been able to achieve the above goals, and need to be further studied.
【作者单位】：宁波大学体育学院;国家体育总局体育科学研究所;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金资助项目(13BTY049)
【分类号】：G808.1

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