握拳动作对网球运动员后续比赛表现的影响

发布时间：2019-03-26 09:07

【摘要】：身心关系一直以来是心理学十分关注且争论不休的重要问题。传统的第一代认知范式将高级认知活动类比为计算机的操作,认知被认为是独立于身体之外的操作,身体仅仅是执行大脑下达命令的输出装置。这种认知模式忽视了身体在认知活动中所起的重要作用。进一步的研究发现,身体活动不仅反映心智过程,并且能够对认知过程、态度、情绪等方面产生影响,即人的心智是具身的。在此基础上,心理学出现了以具身认知、具身情绪等为代表的具身理论的研究。具身理论是指个体身体的结构特征、相关活动或者动作姿势等不仅是其心理状态的反应,同样也能够对其心理状态如情绪、认知等造成影响。对于网球运动员来说,比赛中赢得重要分数或错失得分机会时,往往都会有较为激烈的身体动作,如赢分后的握拳、失分后的摇头等。前人研究表明,握拳能够提高自尊、自信和力量感(Tracy, Robbin,2007; Thomas,2009;Schuber, Koole,2009)。网球比赛中握拳也是运动员赢分后常见的肢体动作,本研究即从此入手,探究握拳动作对网球运动员后续比赛表现的影响。研究一通过录像分析对2014年前三项大满贯比赛8强后的38场比赛进行统计,将握拳后的下一分与不握拳的下一分进行比较。结果显示,握拳后的一发成功率高于不握拳,女性差异显著但男性差异不显著；握拳后的得分率显著高于不握拳,且这一效应男女均存在。这提示,握拳可能提高运动员的发球及相持表现。对结果的进一步分析显示,握拳能够对比赛胜负造成重要影响,且这一影响男性运动员高于女性。研究二采用现场实验探究握拳动作对网球运动员的心理和比赛表现的影响。按技术水平将16名2级以上男性大学生网球运动员随机匹配分入握拳组与不握拳组,让水平最接近的两位研究参与者进行一场比赛,对比赛数据进行统计分析。结果发现,不握拳组在发球表现上优于握拳组,握拳组在得分表现上优于不握拳组,但组间差异均不显著。比赛后要求研究参与者填答《网球运动表现量表》,对其之前比赛的各项心理指标进行评分,结果显示,各项心理指标未见可靠的组间差异。本研究中,握拳的具身效应在比赛情境中体现得较为明显,但在实验情境中体现得不明显。这提示,握拳效应可能取决于运动员的压力水平、技术水平以及握拳使用的频率和时机。
[Abstract]:The relationship between body and mind has always been a very important and controversial issue in psychology. The traditional first-generation cognitive paradigm likens advanced cognitive activity to the operation of a computer. Cognition is regarded as an operation independent of the body, and the body is merely an output device for executing a command from the brain. This cognitive model ignores the important role of the body in cognitive activity. Further studies have found that physical activity not only reflects mental processes, but also affects cognitive processes, attitudes, emotions, and so on, that is, people's minds are physical. On this basis, psychology has appeared to take the concrete cognition, the concrete emotion and so on as the representative concrete theory research. Body-forming theory refers to the structural characteristics of the individual body, related activities or movement posture, which are not only the reaction of their psychological state, but also have an impact on their psychological state, such as emotion, cognition and so on. For tennis players, when they win important points or miss the opportunity to score, they tend to have more intense body movements, such as fist holding after winning points, shaking their heads after losing points, and so on. Previous studies have shown that clenching improves self-esteem, self-confidence, and a sense of strength (Tracy, Robbin,2007; Thomas,2009;Schuber, Koole,2009). Fist grip is also a common limb movement of tennis players after winning points. This study starts from now on to explore the impact of fist grip on the performance of tennis players in subsequent matches. In the first study, 38 games after the top 8 of the first three Grand Slam events in 2014 were counted by video analysis, and the next point after clenching was compared with the next point without fist. The results showed that the success rate after fist grip was higher than that without fist, but the difference between women and men was not significant, and the score rate after fist grip was significantly higher than that without fist, and this effect existed in both men and women. This suggests that clenching may improve the player's service and performance. Further analysis of the results shows that clenching can have an important impact on the winning and losing of the competition, and that the male athletes are higher than the female athletes. The second study used field experiment to explore the influence of clench action on tennis players' psychology and game performance. According to the technical level, 16 male college tennis players above level 2 were randomly divided into two groups: fist grip group and non-grip boxing group. Two participants with the closest level were involved in a match, and the match data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the non-clenched group was superior to the non-clenched group in serving performance, and the clench group was better than the non-clenched group in score, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. After the match, the participants were asked to fill in the Tennis performance scale and score the psychological indexes of the previous matches. The results showed that there was no reliable difference in the psychological indexes between the two groups. In this study, the concrete effect of clenching is obvious in the competition situation, but it is not obvious in the experimental situation. This suggests that the grip effect may depend on the athlete's stress level, skill level, and frequency and timing of grip use.
【学位授予单位】：北京体育大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：G845

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