校园风险管理研究

发布时间：2018-03-21 23:36

本文选题：校园风险　切入点：风险管理　出处：《武汉大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：“百年大计，教育为本”和“教育强则国强”这两条基本规律早已被历史所验证，但其中蕴含的经济学道理直到上世纪下半叶才被经济学家们发现。以舒尔茨和贝克尔为代表人物的人力资本理论和以罗默和卢卡斯为代表人物的内生增长理论均支持教育在经济发展中的重要地位。人力资本理论将资本分为物质资本和人力资本，认为人力资本的重要性要超过物质资本，从而强调了教育的重要性。内生增长理论又将人力资本分为社会一般人力资本和专业化人力资本，认为专业化人力资本形成的规模和速度取决于社会一般人力资本水平，而社会一般人力资本通过学校教育获得，从而进一步强调了教育的重要性。但是，传统的理念更重视教育的正常“产出”，而忽视了“风险”对正常“产出”过程的影响甚至“中断”。中国校园的风险状况不容乐观，风险对教育“产出”的“破坏”还时有发生，有时还比较严重。我们不应该忘记汶川地震夺走的数千名学生的鲜活生命，同样也不会失却“夺命校车”惨案带来的记忆。如果说重视教育质量有利于高质量的“产出”，那么重视风险则有利于稳定、连续的“产出”。随着其他研究领域和风险管理领域的不断融合，新的风险管理理念、技术和模式也不断出现，支持着校园风险管理的深入研究。校园风险管理是指人们对校园风险的认识、控制和处理的主动行为。传统风险管理流程包括制定风险管理计划、识别风险、衡量风险、评价风险、选择具体方法、效果评价等。随着风险管理理论研究的进展和融合，风险管理的基本要素缩小为风险的识别、评估和处理，这同样适用于校园风险管理领域。校园风险的识别主要包括校园风险及其发展趋势的考察。如果按照传统的风险定义，校园风险限定了风险的发生地点，但如果从风险社会的视角来看，校园风险的考量则需要超越校园的围墙。校园风险包括涉及校园的人身风险、财产风险和责任风险等，但最主要的风险还是学生人身风险以及相应的学校管理责任。随着社会外部环境和校园内部环境风险状况的变化，受突发事件增多、事故成本上升、风险意识欠缺以及应对手段不足等因素影响，校园风险呈现出日益复杂化的发展趋势。校园风险的核心问题在于中小学校园安全事故多发，，并在事故发生的区域、时间、地点、学段和类别等方面有着突出特点。校园风险评估主要是指对风险发生频率和损失程度的评估。RAC法是评估校园风险评估的主要方法，通过考察影响校园风险事件的两类因素——发生频率和损失程度，来确定单个风险的风险等级。校园风险评估的主要内容则包括火灾（爆炸）风险评估、管理风险评估、群发性风险评估和个体性风险评估等。校园风险处理主要是指如何采取合理的风险管理技术来应对校园风险。校园风险管理技术主要包括两类：控制型风险管理技术和融资型风险管理技术。控制型风险管理技术包括校园风险的避免、预防和抑制等，融资型风险管理技术主要包括校园风险自留和校园风险转移。风险预警机制在今天风险管理的研究中亦不少见，完全可以成为校园风险管理的重要内容。建立校园风险预警机制不仅有利于校园风险管理从“被动”管理向“主动”管理转变，而且有利于校园风险管理从“单一”管理向管理技术“综合运用”、风险管理主体“多元”的“综合”管理转变。校园风险预警主要由制度保障和触发机制两部分内容构成，前者是依据政府相关法律法规制定的校园风险管理规则，后者的关键在于触发临界值的估算，涉及单类风险触发临界值的估算和校园总体风险触发临界值的估算。校园风险管理可以考虑转向安全预防、应急管理和风险转移“三位一体”的新模式。当前，校园风险管理仍然存在着财政资金支持不够、校方防范意识不够、学生风险意识不强等安全预防不完善问题，应急措施实施不力、法律手段运用不够、处理结果区域差异较大等应急处理不给力问题以及保险产品有效需求和有效供给“双不足”等风险转移不充分问题。在安全预防方面，既需要继续完善安全预防体制和优化安全预防机制，也需要继续出台类似《校车安全管理条例》的安全预防重要规章。在应急管理方面，既需要继续完善应急预案体系、应急管理体制、应急管理运行机制和应急管理法制为代表的“一案三制”，也需要建立安全事故、突发事件、自然灾害等不同校园突发公共事件的应急管理程序。在风险转移上，除了政府财力和社会捐赠等非保险转移手段外，需要着重运用保险转移手段。校园保险是校园风险管理的市场工具，可以有效转移可保的校园风险，其两大核心险种分别是学生人身意外伤害险和校方责任保险。校园保险之所以在校园风险转移中起主导作用，主要源于校园风险的特殊性。与其他保险类别相比，校园保险具有公益特征并且更强调社会管理功能的发挥。校园保险的公益性表现为：一是保持“微利”，二是提供更多的防灾防损服务。校园保险不仅需要法律法规的保障和政府财力的帮助，而且可以成为保险公司从保险服务商向风险管理服务商战略转型的排头兵。校园保险发展的保障措施包括技术保障措施和政策保障措施两大类。前者主要包括完善的校园风险管理服务网络和系统的校园风险管理数据库，而后者主要包括以法律法规为代表的制度保障和以财政补贴为主体的资金保障。在市场主体方面，校园保险不仅需要保险公司，还特别需要能够提供专业化校园风险管理服务的保险经纪公司。在产品开发方面，校园保险需要从单一校园保险产品向综合校园保险产品转变。在营销策略方面，校园保险需要从价格竞争导向转向服务竞争导向。深圳是运用保险这一校园风险管理市场工具较为成功的城市。2005年《深圳市学校安全管理条例》的颁布标志着校园风险管理进入“事前安全管理和事中、事后应急救助和调查处理”的阶段。2006年4月26日，由深圳市政府出资、人保财险深圳市分公司承保的深圳校方责任险正式起保生效。2010年颁布的《深圳市学校安全管理条例》实施细则更加强调风险转移手段的重要地位，更加强化安全预防中的安全教育，更加重视应急管理的重要性。2010年，深圳市政府在全面实施校方责任险的基础上，开始支持学生人身意外伤害险。“双险”并行在保险责任范围上有所互补，进一步完善了校园风险管理机制，有效地实现了“低事故、广覆盖、高保障”的运行目标。事实上，“三位一体”校园风险管理新模式还可以进一步优化，可以通过健全的风险管理网络来完善安全预防建设，通过合理的应急管理模式来提升应急管理效率，通过加强引入校园保险机制来提升风险转移效果。保险机制在新模式中的作用也可以进一步提升，可以通过帮助建立风险预警机制来协助完善安全预防，也可以通过校园保险机制提升应急管理效率。总之，一旦“三位一体”新模式的尝试获得成功，中国校园风险管理的局面将焕然一新。
[Abstract]:"A matter of education which has two basic rules of this" and "education strong" was tested by history, but the second half of the economics of truth until the last century by economists. Found by Schultz and Becker as the representative figure of the human capital theory and by Romer and Lucas as the representative of the endogenous growth theory support an important role of education in economic development.
The human capital theory, capital into material capital and human capital, to think more than physical capital, the importance of human capital, which emphasizes the importance of education. The endogenous growth theory and human capital is divided into general human capital and professional human capital, that the specialization human capital formation depends on the scale and speed of the society the general level of human capital, and the school education obtained by society in general human capital, which further emphasizes the importance of education.
However, the normal "output" the traditional concept of the importance of education, but ignore the influence of "risk" to the normal "output" process and "interrupt". China campus risk situation is not optimistic, the risk of education "output" to "destroy" also occur, sometimes more serious. We should not forget the Wenchuan earthquake killed thousands of students living life, also not losing the "deadly school bus" massacre brought memories.
If the importance of education quality is conducive to high quality output, so pay attention to the risk is conducive to stability, continuous "output". Along with other research areas and risk management in the field of continuous integration, the new concept of risk management, technology and mode are also emerging, with in-depth study of campus risk management.
Campus risk management refers to people's understanding of campus risk, active behavior control and processing. The traditional risk management process including the development of risk management planning, risk identification, risk evaluation, risk measure, the choice of specific methods, evaluation and research progress. With the integration of risk management theory, the basic elements of risk management to narrow recognition for the risk assessment and treatment, the same applies to the field of campus risk management.
Study to identify risks including the risk of campus campus and its development trend. According to the traditional definition of risk, risk limits the risk occurred on campus, but if from the perspective of risk society, risk considerations need to go beyond the campus walls of the campus. The campus includes the risk of personal risk relates to the campus, property risk and responsibility the risk, but the risk is the main risk or students and the corresponding school management responsibility. With the change of internal environment risk status and external environment of society in the campus emergencies increased by accident, rising costs, lack of risk awareness and influence factors such as lack of means of dealing with risk, campus presents an increasingly complex trend. The core problem of campus risk lies in multiple safety accidents in primary and middle school campus, and in the accident area, time, location, stage and category etc. There is a prominent feature.
The campus is mainly refers to the risk assessment is the main method to evaluate the risk assessment evaluation of campus.RAC risk frequency and the extent of the loss, through the two factors influence the frequency of occurrence of risk events, campus and the extent of the loss, to determine a single risk. The main contents of the campus include fire risk assessment (explosion) the risk assessment management, risk assessment, risk assessment group and individual risk assessment.
Campus risk management mainly refers to how to take reasonable risk management techniques to deal with the campus campus risk. Risk management techniques mainly include two types: control technology of risk management and financing risk management control technology. To avoid the type of risk management techniques including campus risk, prevention and suppression, the type of financing risk management technology mainly includes the campus the risk retention and risk transfer.
Risk warning mechanism in the research of risk management in today is not uncommon, can become an important part of the campus of risk management. The establishment of the campus risk early warning mechanism is not only beneficial to the campus risk management change from "passive" to "active management" management, but also conducive to the campus risk management from the "single management" to "comprehensive use of technology management" risk management subject "multiple" "comprehensive" management.
The campus consists of risk early warning system to protect and trigger the two part mechanism of contents, the former is based on the campus risk management rules formulated relevant laws and regulations of the government, the latter is the key trigger to estimate the critical value, involving a single risk estimate and the total risk trigger threshold trigger to estimate the critical value.
Campus risk management can be considered to safety prevention, emergency management and risk transfer "three-in-one" of the new model. At present, the campus risk management still exist in financial support is not enough, the awareness is not enough, the students do not have a strong sense of security risk prevention is not perfect, the implementation of emergency measures ineffective, legal means is not enough, the area some emergency suck problems and insurance products effective supply and demand "double shortage" risk transfer is not sufficient.
In the prevention aspect, not only need to continue to improve the safety prevention system and the optimization of security prevention mechanism, also need to continue to introduce important safety regulations to prevent similar regulations on school bus safety management. < > in emergency management, not only need to continue to improve the emergency plan system, emergency management system, emergency management mechanism and emergency management legal representative "a case of three", also need to establish safety accidents, natural disasters and other emergencies, different campus public emergencies emergency management procedures. In the transfer of risk, in addition to government financial and social donation and other non insurance transfer means, need to focus on the use of insurance transfer means.
The campus is the campus of the insurance market risk management tools, can effectively transfer the campus insurable risk, the two core categories are student personal accident insurance and liability insurance. The insurance can play a leading role in the campus campus risk transfer, mainly due to the particularity of campus risk. Compared with other types of insurance, campus insurance is public property and more emphasis on social management functions. Public welfare of campus insurance: one is to keep the "profit", the two is to provide more services. Campus loss prevention laws and regulations not only guarantee insurance needs and government financial help, but also become the vanguard of the insurance company from the insurance service providers to risk management service providers strategic transformation.
Security measures of campus insurance development including technical measures and policy measures in two categories. The former mainly includes the campus risk management database campus risk management service network and improve the system, while the latter mainly includes institutional guarantee to the laws and regulations as the representative and financial subsidies as the main funding.
In the main market, campus insurance not only need insurance, also need to be able to provide the insurance brokerage company specialized campus risk management services. In product development, from a single campus campus need insurance insurance products to the comprehensive campus insurance products change. In the marketing strategy, the campus insurance needs from price competition to service competition oriented the guide.
Shenzhen is the use of insurance as a risk management tool market campus successful city.2005 Shenzhen city ordinance "school safety management" marks the promulgation of campus risk management into the "advance safety management and the matter, after the emergency rescue and investigation" stage.2006 in April 26th, funded by the Shenzhen municipal government, PICC Shenzhen Shenzhen City Branch underwriting the liability insurance plays an important role in force officially promulgated the ".2010 Shenzhen city schools safety management regulations on the detailed rules for the implementation of more emphasis on risk transfer means more, strengthen the safety education in the prevention of safety, pay more attention to the importance of emergency management for.2010 years, the Shenzhen municipal government on the basis of the full implementation of the school liability insurance on the support of students' personal accident insurance." double insurance "parallel be complementary in the insurance coverage, to further improve the campus risk management The mechanism has effectively implemented the operational objectives of "low accident, wide coverage and high security".
In fact, the "three-in-one" campus risk management new mode can be further optimized, can improve the risk management of the network to improve the safety construction, through the emergency management mode reasonable to enhance the efficiency of emergency management, by strengthening the introduction of campus insurance mechanism to improve the risk transfer effect. The role of the insurance mechanism in the new model can also be further to ascend, to help improve the safety precautions by helping to establish a risk warning mechanism, but also can improve the efficiency of emergency management through the campus insurance mechanism. In short, once the "try three-in-one" new model of success, Chinese campus risk management situation will take on an altogether new aspect.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：G47

【共引文献】